Cecilia payne gaposchkin

The life-changing and long-lasting influence of Cecilia Payne ...

Cecilia payne gaposchkin. Donovan Moore, What Stars Are Made Of: The Life of Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.OCLC: 1137825560. ISBN: 9780674245242, 2020. Book Google Scholar . Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, An Autobiography and Other Recollections, ed. Haramundanis K., ISBN 0521482518, …

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900 – 1979) a fost o astrofiziciană britanico-americană care a adus contribuții semnificative în domeniul astronomiei. Născută la 10 …

In 1931, Payne took American citizenship and married the astronomer Sergei Gaposchkin. In 1956, she became Harvard’s first female professor, taking the chair of astronomy. In 1979, Payne-Gaposchkin was diagnosed with advanced lung cancer – for 50 years she had been a chain-smoker – and died that year.In her long life, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin helped lay the foundations for both the use of spectroscopy in astrophysics, and for the advancement of women in astronomy. Between then and now, both male and female astronomers have signed documents and worked hard to improve women’s situation. Today, about 25 percent of …The top picks made by Charles Payne are updated regularly and available on the Fox Business website. Stocks that he thinks have good potential are listed under Payne’s Picks, as sh...Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Quotes. Your reward will be the widening of the horizon as you climb. And if you achieve that reward you will ask no other. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, Katherine Haramundanis (1996). “Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin: An Autobiography and Other Recollections”, p.227, Cambridge University Press. On June 21, 1956, The New York Times reported, “Harvard University announced today the appointment of Dr. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin as Professor of Astronomy. She is the first woman to attain full professorship at Harvard through regular faculty promotion.”. Today, a painting of President Lowell dominates the north wall of the Faculty Room. Mar 21, 1996 · Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin is acclaimed as the greatest woman astronomer of all time. In this book, her own story of her professional life, work, and scientific achievements is augmented by the personal recollections of her daughter, Katherine Haramundanis. A world-renowned astrophysicist takes us through the huge, unfolding history of the universe.Out now: https://amzn.to/2TwIe8f The night sky is an endless sou...Medicine Matters Sharing successes, challenges and daily happenings in the Department of Medicine After conducting a national recruitment, we are thrilled to announce that Becky Ha...

2015. For his leadership and major contribution to the discovery of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity of the solar corona, which led to transformative changes in our understanding of the solar atmosphere, and to the creation and successful implementation of a new branch of solar physics, MHD coronal seismology.Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin døde 79 år gammel i 1979 af lungekræft. Hun efterlod sig sin mand og de tre børn. Datteren Katherine bemærkede, at de mange cigaretter havde været hendes mors eneste last. Tro mod videnskaben havde Cecilia doneret sit legeme til obduktion, så lægerne kunne gøre nye erfaringer ud fra hendes kræftsygdom.Oct 13, 2015 · Spend some time with this distinguished astronomer and buy the book “The Astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin – A Short Biography.” 30 Minute Book Series Welcome to the sixth book in the 30 Minute Book Series. Each book in the series is fast paced, well written, accurate, and covers the story in as much detail as a short book allows. Cecilia PAYNE-GAPOSCHKIN (naskiĝis la 10-an de majo 1900 en Buckinghamshire, mortis la 7-an de decembro 1979 en Kembriĝo, Usono) estis angla-usona astronomino, kiu en 1925 en sia doktoriga disertacio konjektis, ke la steloj konsistas ĉefe el hidrogeno.Ĉi tiu laboro estis konsiderata tiutempe kiel la plej brila doktoriga disertacio iam verkita pri …A chain of evidence unearthed by Daniel Terdiman of CNET suggests that a massive, four-story structure floating on a barge off Treasure Island in San Francisco Bay is owned by Goog...

Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin (née Payne; May 10, 1900 – December 7, 1979) was a British-born American astronomer and astrophysicist who proposed in her 1925 doctoral thesis that stars were composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. Her groundbreaking conclusion was initially rejected because it contradicted the scientific …Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin fue una de las grandes astrónomas de la historia y la primera en determinar de qué se componen las estrellas. Sin embargo, su carrera nunca fue fácil y tuvo que luchar ...Mar 3, 2020 · ― Publishers Weekly “Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin’s success was not achieved by chance. She triumphed by facing down every obstacle, by never giving up, by being, as she says, ‘doggedly persistent.’ Donovan Moore brings Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin to the front of history in a way that inspires us, educates us, and makes us want to be better. Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin (født 10. maj 1900, død 7. december 1979) var en britisk-amerikansk astronom og astrofysiker. I 1925 foreslog hun i sin doktorafhandling , at stjernerne hovedsageligt bestod af hydrogen , en opfattelse, som helt brød med den gængse, at de mest bestod af jern.

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For nearly $3 billion, Nestlé is unloading its iconic brands—including Butterfinger, Crunch bars, and Laffy Taffy—onto the company that produces Nutella. Nestlé—the company behind ...There is only one person capable of introducing themselves that way in their own autobiography: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, one of the most original scientists to ever live. She was the first to determine that the stars were made of hydrogen and helium. In doing so, as a young graduate student, she bucked contemporary scientific theory.She was right, and with her 1925 dissertation, Cecilia Payne, later known as Payne-Gaposchkin, earned a place in science history. But her story is still little known, and nearly a century...Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. AKA Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin. Hydrogen in the Sun. Birthplace: Wendover, Buckinghamshire, England Location of death: Cambridge, MA C. Cecilia Payne was inspired to study astronomy after attending lectures by Arthur Eddington, and became the first person to earn a PhD in astronomy from Harvard. In her ...Media in category "Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin" The following 8 files are in this category, out of 8 total. Cecilia Helena Payne Gaposchkin (1900-1979) (2).jpg 1,020 × 1,732; 512 KB

Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin (May 10, 1900 – December 7, 1979) was a British-American astronomer and astrophysicist. Early life. Payne was born in Wendover, England. In 1919, she won a scholarship to Newnham College, Cambridge University. She studied botany, physics, and chemistry.The Internet offers an amazing wealth of information but sometimes older people miss out on that because they don't understand the technology. With a little time and patience older...Learn about the life and achievements of Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, the first person to discover hydrogen as the dominant element in the universe. Read how she overcame sexism and bias to pursue her passion for astronomy at Cambridge and Harvard.Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. Publication date 1954 Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks Contributor Internet Archive Language English. Notes. Cut-off text on some pages due to tight binding. Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2022-09-27 05:01:27Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (born May 10, 1900, Wendover, Eng.—died Dec. 7, 1979, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.) was a British-born American astronomer who …Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin (10. toukokuuta 1900 – 7. joulukuuta 1979) oli brittiläinen tähtitieteilijä, joka päätteli, että vety on tähtien (ja siten koko universumin) yleisin alkuaine. Hänen tutkimuksensa ovat olleet pohjana koko ydinreaktiotutkimukselle .Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, who carried on work in variable stars and discovered the composition of the Sun, worked at Leavitt’s old desk in 1923, and said of the woman she had never met: "I think ... Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkinová. Některá data mohou pocházet z datové položky. Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkinová, rodným jménem Cecilia Payne ( 10. května 1900 Wendover – 7. prosince 1979 Cambridge) byla britsko - americká astronomka. Je zakladatelkou kvantitativní chemické analýzy hvězdných atmosfér. Dr. Cecilia H. Payne-Gaposchkin, 79, Phillips professor of astronomy emeritus at Harvard University and an authority on variable stars, died Thursday at a hospital in Cambridge, Mass. She had cancer.Among vascular risk factors, chronic arterial hypertension is a major contributor to cognitive impairment. National Center 7272 Greenville Ave. Dallas, TX 75231 Customer Service 1-...Cecilia (Payne) Gaposchkin is Notable. First female full professor at Harvard who discovered the composition of the universe and the Sun. Cecilia Payne was born on 10 May 1900 in Wendover, Buckinghamshire, England, United Kingdom. Her mother refused to spend money on her college education, so she won a scholarship to Cambridge.Cecilia’s brother went on to become an archeologist, and her sister went on to become an architect. 5. She wrote a book together with her husband. During a trip to Europe, Cecilia Payne met Russian-born Sergei Gaposchkin. He wanted to be an astronomer but was being persecuted by the Nazis at the time.

Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900 - 1979) Cecilia was an English-American astronomer and one of three children. She won a scholarship to read botany, physics and chemistry at Newnham College, Cambridge University in 1919, where her interest in astronomy was sparked by a lecture given by Eddington, on his eclipse ...

2023 Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Medal and Prize. Professor Louise Harra for pioneering contributions to the development of extreme ultraviolet imaging and spectroscopy instrumentation for solar space missions and its application to further our understanding of dynamic activity on the Sun. Professor Louise Harra is a renowned international expert ...Moore vividly describes the challenges that Cecilia and other women faced. Cecilia's determination and intelligence brought her to the U.S., where more ...Dr. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was an astronomer credited with discovering the chemical composition of stars. Born in England, she earned a scholarship to Cambridge University where she studied physics. After graduating, she attended Harvard University to pursue a doctorate in astronomy. In 1925, she presented her thesis on stellar spectra ...Dr. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was an astronomer credited with discovering the chemical composition of stars. Born in England, she earned a scholarship to Cambridge University where she studied physics. After graduating, she attended Harvard University to pursue a doctorate in astronomy. In 1925, she presented her thesis on stellar spectra ...Excerpts from an Interview with Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. 1. by Owen Gingerich, March 5, 1968 at the Hale Observatories, Santa Barbara State. Section I: Undergraduate Life Gingerich: In London. And it was there that you heard Eddington? Gaposchkin: No. I heard him in my first year in Cambridge. He gave a lecture on relativity right after heIn 1912 Cecilia Payne (later Payne-Gaposchkin), a 12-year-old schoolgirl, decided to carry out her own heavenly research. She had still been in a pram when she saw her first meteorite flashing across the skies and announced that she would become an astronomer. Frustrated by the limited syllabus of her Catholic school, she divided her ...Astronomy pioneer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin broke gender barriers | Science News. Reviews Space. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin revealed stars’ composition and broke gender barriers. ‘What...Each Saturday, we round up news stories that you might have missed from the week before. Here’s the top miles, points and travel news you might have missed on TPG this week. Update...Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1936 and called by some “the most prominent woman astronomer of all time.” She was one of three children born in Wendover in Buckinghamshire, England to Emma and Edward John Payne, a London barrister. Edward Payne was also a gifted musician …

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Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was the first person to realise the abundance of hydrogen in the stars and the universe at large. She would overcome the adversity that faces women in academia to blaze a ...Quick Info. Born. 10 May 1900. Wendover, England. Died. 7 December 1979. Tewksbury, Massachusetts, USA. Summary. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was a British mathematician and astronomer who did …The Insider Trading Activity of Camarillo Cecilia on Markets Insider. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksCecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin was a British–American astronomer and astrophysicist who, in 1925, proposed in her Ph.D. thesis an explanation for the composition of stars in terms of the relative abundances of hydrogen and helium. Cecilia Helena Payne was one of three children born in Wendover, England, to Emma Leonora Helena and Edward John ...Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (born Cecilia Helena Payne; () May 10, 1900 – () December 7, 1979) was a British-born American astronomer and astrophysicist. In her 1925 doctoral thesis she proposed that stars were composed primarily of hydrogen and helium.2015. For his leadership and major contribution to the discovery of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity of the solar corona, which led to transformative changes in our understanding of the solar atmosphere, and to the creation and successful implementation of a new branch of solar physics, MHD coronal seismology.Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. Publication date 1954 Collection inlibrary; printdisabled; internetarchivebooks Contributor Internet Archive Language English. Notes. Cut-off text on some pages due to tight binding. Access-restricted-item true Addeddate 2022-09-27 05:01:27 Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkinová. Některá data mohou pocházet z datové položky. Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkinová, rodným jménem Cecilia Payne ( 10. května 1900 Wendover – 7. prosince 1979 Cambridge) byla britsko - americká astronomka. Je zakladatelkou kvantitativní chemické analýzy hvězdných atmosfér. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. AKA Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin. Hydrogen in the Sun. Birthplace: Wendover, Buckinghamshire, England Location of death: Cambridge, MA C. Cecilia Payne was inspired to study astronomy after attending lectures by Arthur Eddington, and became the first person to earn a PhD in astronomy from Harvard. In her ... ….

From 1956 to 1960, Payne-Gaposchkin served as “Chair of the Department of Astronomy” at Harvard University. She became the first woman to serve as a department chair. Payne-Gaposchkin retired in 1965 (at the age of 65) and was made “Professor Emeritus” at Harvard University, the following year.Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin overcame prodigious obstacles to become a woman of many firsts: the first to receive a PhD in astronomy from Radcliffe College, the first promoted to full professor at Harvard, the first to head a department there. And, in what has been called "the most brilliant PhD thesis ever written in astronomy," she was the first ...― Publishers Weekly “Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin’s success was not achieved by chance. She triumphed by facing down every obstacle, by never giving up, by being, as she says, ‘doggedly persistent.’ Donovan Moore brings Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin to the front of history in a way that inspires us, educates us, and makes us want to be better.The Astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin – A Short Biography: Astronomy Pioneer (30 Minute Book Series) - Kindle edition by West, Doug. Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading The Astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin – …9 May 2020 ... There is only one person capable of introducing themselves that way in their own autobiography: Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, one of the most ...Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was in love with science. She fell in love with it from an early age. The quote mentioned comes from her years at Cambridge, where she won a scholarship to study. There she attended a lecture by Arthur Eddington, who was talking about his 1919 solar expedition. That, she said, sparked her interest in astronomy.Fri 23 Aug 2013 02.30 EDT. Today, internet-based retailer Who Made Your Pants? launches a line of women's pants called Cecilia, named after Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, the pioneering 20th century ...So when the British-born astrophysicist, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900–1979) reported the results of her spectral analysis of the solar atmosphere in her PhD ...Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900 - 1979) Cecilia was an English-American astronomer and one of three children. She won a scholarship to read botany, physics and chemistry at Newnham College, Cambridge University in 1919, where her interest in astronomy was sparked by a lecture given by Eddington, on his eclipse ... Cecilia Gaposchkin. Cecilia Gaposchkin received her Ph.D. from Berkeley in 2001. She works on late medieval cultural history, and has published on the crusades, on the Capetians (the kings of France between 987 and 1328), on kingship, and on liturgy. Her most recent book is Vexilla Regis: Liturgy and Relics at the Sainte Chapelle in the ... Cecilia payne gaposchkin, Cecilia and today. Cecilia Payne’s work was undeniably important to our understanding of the Sun and astronomy. However, due to her gender she had to work that much harder to fight for the recognition she deserved. Indeed, she described herself as ‘a rebel against the feminine role ’ and declared that her real rebellion ‘was against ..., 7 Oct 2018 ... Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, the woman who discovered the composition of the stars in terms of hydrogen and., Cecilia H elena. Pa yne-Gaposc hkin. C. ecilia Helena Payne naît le 10 mai 1900 à. Wendov er, dans le Buckinghamshir e, en. Angleterre. À quatre ans, elle perd son père, ce qui laisse Emma ..., PAYNE-GAPOSCHKIN, CECELIA astronomer (1900 - 1979) She was born Cecilia Payne in England, and in 1934 married Sergei Gaposchkin, thereafter also known as Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. Her PhD dissertation was said to the best one in 20th century astronomy. She became the first woman to become a full professor at Harvard., Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (10 Mei 1900 – 7 Desember 1979) adalah seorang astronom Britania-Amerika. Dia dilahirkan di Inggris dengan nama Cecilia Payne dan menempuh studi dalam bidang botani, fisika dan kimia di Universitas Cambridge. Ia meninggalkan Inggris dan menuju ke Amerika Serikat pada 1922., The Internet offers an amazing wealth of information but sometimes older people miss out on that because they don't understand the technology. With a little time and patience older..., Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1936 and called by some “the most prominent woman astronomer of all time.” She was one of three children born in Wendover in Buckinghamshire, England to Emma and Edward John Payne, a London barrister. Edward Payne was also a gifted musician who also wrote music. He died when Cecilia was only four; their mother ..., Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin is acclaimed as the greatest woman astronomer of all time. In this book, her own story of her professional life, work, and scientific achievements is augmented by the personal recollections of her daughter, Katherine Haramundanis. Other highlights include a scientific appreciation by Jesse Greenstein, a …, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin fue una de las grandes astrónomas de la historia y la primera en determinar de qué se componen las estrellas. Sin embargo, su carrera nunca fue fácil y tuvo que luchar ..., Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. Cecilia PAYNE-GAPOSCHKIN (naskiĝis la 10-an de majo 1900 en Buckinghamshire, mortis la 7-an de decembro 1979 en Kembriĝo, Usono) estis angla - usona astronomino, kiu en 1925 en sia doktoriga disertacio ( Ph.D) konjektis, ke la steloj konsistas ĉefe el hidrogeno. Ĉi tiu laboro estis konsiderata tiutempe kiel la plej ..., Moore charts Payne-Gaposchkin’s scientific life from grade school standout to world-class astronomer. Science - Jennifer Carson Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin is one of the most important scientists that you’ve never heard of…Moore pays tribute to a tenacious scientist whose many firsts helped break new ground—and whose spirit of discovery …, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was one of the world’s first astrochemists. This book tells of her striking scientific insights, her frustrations as a female scientist and how she rose to become the first female professor at Harvard University…Very readable and well organized, giving remarkable insights into its paradoxical subject who was both shy but determined…A worthy tribute to a truly ..., Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin ( Wendover, Buckinghamshire, Reino Unido. 10 de mayo de 1900 – Cambridge, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos. 7 de diciembre de 1979) fue una astrónoma y astrofísica anglo - americana. En 1925, en su Tesis de Doctorado (Ph.D) propuso que las estrellas están compuestas principalmente por hidrógeno., Cecilia Payne nació el 10 de mayo de 1900 en Wendover, Reino Unido. Padres Hija de Edward John Payne, abogado, historiador y músico natural de Londres, y de Emma Leonora Helena Pertz, descendiente de una familia prusiana., La mujer en la ciencia: Cecilia PayneCecilia Payne descubrió la composición de las estrellas. El Museo de Ciencias Universidad de Navarra ha impulsado el pro..., Learn about the life and achievements of Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, who discovered the composition of the universe and broke the glass ceiling at Harvard. Read her biography …, 7 Oct 2018 ... Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, the woman who discovered the composition of the stars in terms of hydrogen and., For nearly $3 billion, Nestlé is unloading its iconic brands—including Butterfinger, Crunch bars, and Laffy Taffy—onto the company that produces Nutella. Nestlé—the company behind ..., Today is the birthday of astronomer Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, born in Wendover, England, in 1900. Payne went to the University of Cambridge to study botany but was captivated by a public lecture by Arthur Eddington, the astronomer who observed the 1919 solar eclipse that confirmed Einstein's general theory of relativity. She switched her …, Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin was a British–American astronomer associated with the Women Astronomical Computers, a group of female astronomers and analysts at Harvard College Observatory (HCO). She discovered the chemical composition of stars and, in particular, that hydrogen and helium are the most abundant elements in stars., Cecilia Payne was a pioneering astronomer whose work helped to unravel the mysteries of the universe. Her groundbreaking research on the composition of stars revolutionised our understanding of astrophysics and paved the way for future generations of scientists. Despite facing significant obstacles in her career, Payne persisted in her pursuit ..., Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (born Cecilia Helena Payne; () May 10, 1900 – December 7, 1979 ()) was a British-born American astronomer and astrophysicist who proposed in her 1925 doctoral thesis that stars were composed primarily of hydrogen and helium.Her groundbreaking conclusion was initially rejected because it contradicted the …, What Stars Are Made Of: The Life of Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. Donovan Moore. 4.8 out of 5 stars ..., May 10, 2014 · Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, astrónoma. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. Wikimedia Commons. La astrónoma Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900-1979) nació un 10 de mayo. En su tesis doctoral (1925) demostró que el hidrógeno es el principal componente de las estrellas; en su época fue considerada la más brillante tesis doctoral escrita nunca en astronomía. , The life-changing and long-lasting influence of Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, Yet few have heard of Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (1900–1979), an English-American astronomer — and Unitarian — who discovered the true physical constitution of the universe. “Payne-Gaposchkin’s most dramatic scientific contribution was the discovery that hydrogen is millions of times more abundant than any other element in the universe ..., 2015. For his leadership and major contribution to the discovery of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity of the solar corona, which led to transformative changes in our understanding of the solar atmosphere, and to the creation and successful implementation of a new branch of solar physics, MHD coronal seismology., Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin - Cecilia Helena Payne-Gaposchkin (née Payne; (1900-05-10)May 10, 1900 – (1979-12-07)December 7, 1979) was a British-born American astronomer and astrophysicist who proposed in her 1925 doctora, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin's 1925 doctoral thesis posi... The first in a series as we celebrate Women's History Month and the accomplishments of women in Physics. Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin's 1925 ..., In 1925, Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin became the first person to attain a PhD in astronomy from Harvard, an achievement in itself. But her thesis went one step further; there she put forward the evidence she’d discovered that the sun and other stars were actually composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, the lightest elements, meaning they …, Dietary supplements include vitamins and minerals. Get the facts about dietary supplements and how to use them safely. Dietary supplements are vitamins, minerals, herbs, and many o..., Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin. View article for: Kids; Students; Scholars; Article; Related; Subscriber features. Email (Subscriber Feature) Related resources for this article. Articles Primary Sources & E-Books Websites View search ..., Cecilia Payne (who went by Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin most of her life) was instrumental in discovering the ubiquity of hydrogen in our universe, and the data she …