Apes unit 8 frq

AP Environmental Free Response Questions. ... AP Environmental Science Unit 8 - Land & Water Pollution. 3 min read. AP Environmental Science Unit 5 - Land & Water Use. 2 min read. AP Environmental Science Unit 4 - Earth Systems & Resources. 2 min read. AP Cram Sessions 2021.

Apes unit 8 frq. Self-score your unit 8 practice FRQ from the 2017 AP Environmental Science Exam!AP Environmental Science Exam Study Plan 👉 https://docs.google.com/document...

Soils help sustain life and provide ecosystem functions. (a) Describe how TWO climate factors affect the rate of soil formation. (2 points: 1 point for each correct description of how a climate factor affects the rate of soil formation. Only the first two descriptions can earn a point.) Climate Factor.

Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 22 minutes each to answer and are worth 10 points each. Questions 3-8 are short free-response questions that require about 6 minutes each to answer. Questions 3-5 are worth 4 points each and questions 6-8 are worth 3 points each. Read each question carefully and completely.View apes_unit_8_ from SCIENCE 123 at University of California, San Diego. Human and other animal waste can result in water and air pollution. (a) Eutrophication of waterways is a potential ... Johaan Rivera Flores - Unit 8 FRQ_ Aquatic and Terrestrial Pollution.pdf. Peachtree Ridge High School. APES 101. Methane. Heavy metal music. Landfill.APES: Unit 7.4 Review. Natural sources of carbon dioxide include. Click the card to flip 👆. Respiration, decomposition, and volcanic eruptions. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 8.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like (a) Identify the oldest stage of succession shown in the figure above, (b) Pioneer species are important in ecological succession (i) Identify a pioneer species that could be found in an ecosystem like the one in the figure above., (ii) Describe the role of pioneer species in early succession. and more.floating oil can coat feathers/fur. some components sink and affect benthic organisms. Economic damage of oil pollution. oil washes on beaches and affects tourism and fishing. Attempts to control oil pollution. containment booms to keep oil from spreading. chemical break up to make it disperse. bacteria can be genetically engineered to eat oil.Unit 7 APES FRQ. In many parts of the world, biomass like peat, wood, and animal waste is burned indoors for cooking and home heating. Combustion of these fuels releases harmful household air pollutants that pose a health threat to billions of people, mostly in less developed countries. (a) Air pollutants are released during the burning of ...

Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like (a) Identify the oldest stage of succession shown in the figure above, (b) Pioneer species are important in ecological succession (i) Identify a pioneer species that could be found in an ecosystem like the one in the figure above., (ii) Describe the role of pioneer species in early succession. and more.Autism spectrum disorder. Cheryl, who is 85, is having difficulty remembering her phone number and address; at times, she is unsure of where she is. Cheryl is most likely experiencing. major neurocognitive disorder. Oliver has been afraid to leave his house for several months. He cannot identify anything in particular that scares him, but he ...apes ap classroom frq. On the basis of the article above, indicate one human activity that releases Mercury into the environment. Describe how mercury is transported from that source and enters aquatic systems, often hundreds of miles away. The burning of coal releases mercury into the environment. Mercury has three forms- oxidized, elemental ...There are 3 free-response questions.: Question 1: Design an investigation presents students with an authentic environmental scenario accompanied by either a model/visual representation or quantitative data. Question 2: Analyze an environmental problem and propose a solution presents students with an authentic environmental scenario accompanied ...AP Calculus BC Scoring Guide Unit 8 Progress Check: FRQ Part B Copyright © 2017. The College Board. These materials are part of a College Board program.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Determine the net change in atmospheric CO2 concentration between 15,000 years ago and the present., Calculate the ratio of the change in mean global temperature to the change in atmospheric CO2 concentration between 15,000 years ago and the present., Scientists predict that between 1950 and 2050, the atmospheric CO2 ...

In uncertain times, it can be harder to make sure AR and AP are in good shape. Here are 11 ways to manage accounts payables and receivables. All small business owners know how vita...AP Calculus BC Scoring Guide Unit 8 Progress Check: FRQ Part B Copyright © 2017. The College Board. These materials are part of a College Board program.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like i. Identify one air pollutant released from the combustion of coal, ii. Describe one method to reduce the air pollutants released from a coal burning power plant, i. based on the diagram, identify which of the labeled sources of indoor air pollutants would most likely release particulate matter and …2017. Haiti shares a border with the Dominican Republic on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. (a) The border between the two countries can be seen using satellite images because of the severe deforestation in Haiti. (i) Provide one reason why deforestation commonly occurs in a less developed country such as Haiti.

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FRQ #1 - APES Unit 6. Explain why there is a difference in fertilizer costs between hog production and corn farming. Corn farming requires fertilizer to help with plant growth while hog farming does not need the same, large amount of fertilizer since they purchase feed instead of growing it. Additionally, hogs produce their own manure when they ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like (2000 #4a) Which of the three countries has the largest rate of population growth? Which has the smallest rate? Explain., (2000 #4b) Compare the infant mortality rates that are likely in Countries X and Y. Explain your reasoning., (2000 #4c) Describe the changes in both the birth rate and the death rate for a country making the ...AP Environmental Science 2022 Free-Response Questions: Set 1 Author: ETS Subject: Free-Response Questions from the 2022 AP Environmental Science Exam Keywords: Environmental Science; Free-Response Questions; 2022; exam resources; exam information; teaching resources; exam practice; Set 1 Created Date: 10/19/2021 6:33:07 PM3 Questions. Directions: Answer all three questions, which are weighted equally; the suggested time is about 22 minutes for answering each question. Write all your answers in the Free Response booklet. Where calculations are required, clearly show how you arrived at your answer. Where explanation or discussion is required, support your answers ...

May 7, 2024 · AP CSA: Unit 2 and 3 Review. T. streamed by Tejas Bhartiya. Study guides & practice questions for 3 key topics in AP CSA Unit 8 – 2D Array.AP Chem 2017-2018 Calendar & Documents. Unit 8: Equilibrium Chapters 13 & 16. Unit 8 Calendar. Day 8.6: 3/27 & 3/28. Class: Unit 8 ... Notes: Homework: Equilibrium Study Guide; Ch. 16 OWL Due 3/26 by 11:55 pm; Answer Keys: Equilibrium FRQ #1_ANS KEY; Equilibrium FRQ #2_ANS KEY; Equilibrium Study Guide_MC_ANS KEY; Equilibrium Study Guide_FRQ_ANS ...your work. One point for the correct setup to calculate the amount of kWh that can be produced at maximum output: 30 panels × 300 watts × 1 kW × 4 hours 365 days panel 1,000 watts day × 1 year. One point for the correct calculation of the amount of kWh that can be produced at maximum output: 13,140 kWh per year.AP Environmental Science 2022 Free-Response Questions: Set 1 Author: ETS Subject: Free-Response Questions from the 2022 AP Environmental Science Exam Keywords: Environmental Science; Free-Response Questions; 2022; exam resources; exam information; teaching resources; exam practice; Set 1 Created Date: 10/19/2021 6:33:07 PMAPES Unit 8: Nonrenewable Energy FRQ. Term. 1 / 5. a) Identify and describe TWO water-related environmental problems associated with fracking. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 5. 1. Groundwater contamination - fracking liquids or chemicals can contaminate drinking water or groundwater.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Describe one advantage of using hydroelectric power plants over using coal-fired power plants., Describe one potential disadvantage of hydroelectric power plants., What is a renewable resource that can generate electricity without using fossil fuels or hydroelectric power & what is an advantage of that resource? and more.Nov 16, 2021 · ⚠️ (Unfortunately, we don't have an Answers Guide for this question, but it can give you an idea of how an FRQ for Unit 8 might look on the exam.) ⏱ The AP Biology exam has 6 free-response questions, and you will be given 90 minutes to complete the FRQ section.AP Biology. Exam Skills. Unit 8 FRQ (Invasive Species) 2 min read • november 16, 2021. AP Bio Free Response Question for Invasive Species. 👋 Welcome to the AP Bio Unit 8 FRQ (Invasive Species) . These are longer questions, so grab some paper and a pencil, or open up a blank page on your computer.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Many of Earth's resources, including forests and mineral ores, can be depleted or damaged because of the growing human population. Identify one provisioning service of forest ecosystems., One concern resulting from an increasing human population is the sustainable use of the world's forests. Clear-cutting of old-growth forest is ...8.1, 8.2, 8.4 Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free.

The rate of world population growth has actually decreased from 1.8% in 1990 to 1.2% in 2007 even though the world's population has increased. What factors appear to be primarily responsible for this dramatic decrease in the human population growth rate? I. War, disease, and economic depression. II. family-planning opportunities for more women.

AP® Biology 2008 Free-Response Questions The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 5,000 schools, colleges, universities, and otherAnswer all three questions, which are weighted equally; the suggested time is about 22 minutes for answering each question. Write all your answers in the Free Response booklet. Where calculations are required, clearly show how you arrived at your answer. Where explanation or discussion is required, support your answers with relevant information ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Describe one environmental benefit associated with an offshore wind project., 1. identify and describe one potential economic effect of an offshore wind project., 1. describe one additional way, other than wind power, that oceans can provide renewable energy for the generation of electricity and more.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Determine the net change in atmospheric CO2 concentration between 15,000 years ago and the present., Calculate the ratio of the change in mean global temperature to the change in atmospheric CO2 concentration between 15,000 years ago and the present., Scientists predict that between 1950 and 2050, the atmospheric CO2 ...APES Unit 5 (pt. 1) FRQ Notebook 1. Answer each FRQ in this Notebook. 2. When given access to the scoring guide, self score your FRQ using the Scoring Guide Practice FRQ 5 (Tragedy of the Commons) The oceans of the world are often referred to as a commons. Identify one other such commons, explaining how humanAPES Unit 9 FRQ. Green spaces provide a place for recreation/walking/playing sports. An intact ecosystem provides places to maintain mental/physical health and well-being. Click the card to flip 👆. (a) Maintaining high global biodiversity is important to provide ecosystem services to humans. Describe one cultural ecosystem service provided ...F RQ Reminders in AP Environmental Science. Always write in complete sentences. Don't write more than the question asks for. If the FRQ asks for two examples, only the first two examples that you write are graded. Introductory sentences or re-stating the question is not necessary. No points removed, but it can take precious time.

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The second point requires 3 things: (1) net change in Gwen’s velocity, (2) units of feet per second, and (3) reference to time interval from to Select a point value to view scoring criteria, solutions, and/or examples to score the response.1) salinity (salt level) 2) depth. 3) water flow. Tundra. A cold and treeless biome with low-growing vegetation. - In winter, the soil is completely frozen. - its growing season is very short, only 4 months in summer. - underlying subsoil is known as permafrost.AP ® Environmental Science 2022 Free-Response Questions. 3. NorthCarolinaisoneofthefastest-growingstatesbypopulationintheUnitedStates,withmostgrowthAn approach to waste disposal that employs several waste reduction, management, and disposal strategies in order to reduce the environmental impact of MSW. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse, What is the optimal way to achieve a reduction in solid waste generation? and more.APES FRQ UNIT 8. 224 terms. Lizbeth_459. Preview. Tectonics. 9 terms. peanutzeera. Preview. Unit 4 Vocabulary Science. 53 terms. quizlette80417611. Preview. Terms in this set (17) How are igneous rock formed? Form directly from magma. How are igneous rocks classified.Descriptive vs. Experimentation Methods (2018-19) - Slides. Study guides & practice questions for 10 key topics in AP Psych Unit 8 - Clinical Psychology.APES Unit 8 FRQ. Read the Fremont Examiner article below and answer the questions that follow. (a) Identify ONE component of the sewage that is targeted for removal by primary treatment and ONE component of the sewage that is targeted for removal by secondary treatment.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like (2000 #4a) Which of the three countries has the largest rate of population growth? Which has the smallest rate? Explain., (2000 #4b) Compare the infant mortality rates that are likely in Countries X and Y. Explain your reasoning., (2000 #4c) Describe the changes in both the birth rate and the death rate for a country making the ...APES Unit 7 FRQ's. Determine the net change in atmospheric CO¬2 concentration between 140,000 years ago and 125,000 years ago. (1 point) Click the card to flip 👆. 140,000 years before present: CO2 = 200 ppm. 125,000 years before present: CO2 = 280 ppm. 280 ppm - 200 ppm = increase of 80 ppm. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 12.Stage 3: Industrial. -population growth slows and starts to stabilize. -death rate low. -birth rate dropping. -lower infant mortality, urbanization, education, birth control, empowerment of women. Stage 4: Post-Industrial. -Birth rate = death rate (both low) -zero population growth. -stable population may start to shrink.54 of 54. Quiz yourself with questions and answers for AP Chem Unit 8 Test, so you can be ready for test day. Explore quizzes and practice tests created by teachers and students or create one from your course material. ….

Combination of the textbook and FRQ terms for unit 8 of Mr. Leslie's AP Environmental Science class at Tesla STEM. Share. Terms in this set (202) land fragmentation, erosion, water contamination. three environmental consequences of mining listed in the chapter opener. acid mine drainage.2) Use the heat of the combustion to turn water into steam. 3) the steam turns a turbine that generates electricity. Describe one human health problem associated with piles of discarded tires. Tires accumulate water pockets which are perfect habitats for mosquitos which carry diseases like malaria.AP Environmental Free Response Questions. ... AP Environmental Science Unit 8 - Land & Water Pollution. 3 min read. AP Environmental Science Unit 5 - Land & Water Use. 2 min read. AP Environmental Science Unit 4 - Earth Systems & Resources. 2 min read. AP Cram Sessions 2021.8.0 Unit 8 Overview. 8.1 Sources of Pollution. 8.2 Human Impacts on Ecosystems. 8.3 Endocrine Disruptors. 8.4 Human Impacts on Wetlands and Mangroves. 8.5 Eutrophication. 8.6 Thermal Pollution. 8.7 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 8.8 Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification. 8.9 Solid Waste Disposal. 8.10 Waste Reduction …Study guides & practice questions for 8 key topics in APES Unit 7 - Atmospheric Pollution Sign up. or. Log in. Find what you need to study ... Score Higher on AP Environmental 2024: FRQ Tips from Students. 5 min read. Presentation Slides, 2016 FRQ review. slides by schuyler-fishman. 2016 FRQ Review. streamed by schuyler-fishman.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Identify the layer of Earth's atmosphere where the circulation and mixing of liquids and gases produce weather., An area receives significantly less precipitation over a period of time than it typically does. Describe one negative environmental effect in the area as a result of the decrease in precipitation., Describe how the ...Alisa G6 (Writing) 15/01. Teacher 14 terms. Blueoak-education. Preview. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Two characteristics shared by ecosystems that have high biodiversity, Two specific human activities that result in a loss of biodiversity, To improve the effects of deforestation and more.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like explain one probable cause for the change in per capita waste generation from 2000 to 2012, calculate the percent increase in total MSW generation from 1980 to 2012, identify one disadvantage of waste incineration and more.a virus caused by bites from infected mosquitoes; can be transmitted through sexual contact. cholera. a bacterial disease that is contracted from infected water. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like point source, nonpoint sources of pollution, impacts of pollutants on organisms and more. Apes unit 8 frq, Terms in this set (25) -A painful, pus-filled bump under the skin caused by infected, inflamed hair follicles -common and usually self-diagnosable -red, tender lumps that fill with pus and grow -Warm compresses can help a boil mature and drain. -Large boils and carbuncles need a doctor's attention. -infection occurring in parts of Africa ..., Students are required to answer 3 FRQs in 80 min. FRQ #1 is a “Design an Investigation” question and will have other questions to assess student skills based on science practices 1, 5, 4, and 7. FRQ #2 asks students to provide a solution to an authentic environmental scenario. It will also assess other skills based on science practices 1, 2 ..., Provide one reason why mangrove trees are being removed by humans. because of humans developing hotel resorts and golf courses among coastal areas. Identify one ecosystem service provided by intact mangrove ecosystems. provides habitats and nurseries for baby organisms such as baby sharks. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing ..., The response identifies one other nonpoint source pollutant of aquatic environments, such as: · Oil runoff/oil spills · Sediment in water from erosions/sediment runoff from agricultural areas or forested areas · Heavy metal runoff from energy production/urban areas · Toxic chemical runoff/pesticide runoff from agriculture and/or residential areas · Salt runoff from irrigation practices ..., No prep! AP Environmental Science (APES) Unit 8 Review: Land and Water Pollution, questions and resources perfectly aligned to the CED. Students will know exactly what College Board expects them to learn. Most of the questions are open ended, asking students to think critically and put concepts together in meaningful ways.Students are also asked to draw, label, and annotate diagrams, create ..., AP Environmental Science - Unit 8 Practice FRQ The waste generated by humans is both an environmental and human health concern. Many countries now use centralized sewage treatment plants to treat the wastewater from houses and businesses., an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food. Composting. a process that allows the organic material in solid waste to be decomposed and reintroduced into the soil, often as fertilizer. coral bleaching. A phenomenon in which algae inside corals die, causing the corals to turn white., how does this contribute to the trapping of smog during thermal inversion? Normally, warm air rises from the ground bringing pollutants with it. During inversions, cooler, dense air near the ground is trapped by a warmer level above it. AP Environmental Science unit 7 lesson 3 review. Learn with flashcards, games, and more — for free., APES Unit 6 FRQ. Process of using fossil fuels for energy. Click the card to flip 👆. Fuel is delivered to a boiler where it gets burned. Burning fuel transfers energy to water. Water becomes steam and the energy gets transferred into the blades. Energy in the steam turns the turbine. The shaft in the center turns the generator which creates ..., Everything you need to ace your unit 8 AP Environmental Science test and get a 5 on the exam in May. Check out the AP Environmental Science Exam Ultimate Rev..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 2002 (A) A. Define the following concepts as they are used in political geography Nation: State: Nation-state: B. For each of these concepts, name a specific late-twentieth century ex from Region A and a specific late twentieth cen ex from Region B. C. Explain how the pursuit of the nation state ideal during recent decades has ..., Unit 8 Overview: Aquatic & Terrestrial Pollution. ... Score Higher on AP Environmental 2024: FRQ Tips from Students. 5 min read. Presentation Slides, 2016 FRQ review. slides by schuyler-fishman. 2016 FRQ Review. streamed by schuyler-fishman. Subject Guides. AP Environmental Science Unit 9 - Global Change., Unit 2 & 8 FRQ AP BIOLOGY. Get a hint. Describe what scientists mean when they refer to an ecological community such as that shared by the leopards and lions. Click the card to flip 👆. The response indicates that an ecological community refers to all of the interacting populations in a defined habitat. Click the card to flip 👆., a relatively small and simple sewage treatment system, made up of a septic tank and a leach field, often used for homes in rural areas. Septic Tank. a large container that receives wastewater from a house as part of a septic system. Three Layers of a septic tank. - Scum., Here is a link to over 135 quiz questions for Unit 8, Aquatic and Terrestrial Pollution. I am asking for a small fee for these question banks due to the time investment to write all these questions. The purpose of these content quizzes is as a homework or notes check. Students often copy reading guides or do not pay attention to video notes but ..., Service #2: Forests provide wood for fuel. Impact: increase in the short-term availability of wood, but potential long-term loss of availability. Identify a specific type of plant community of biome (other than a forest) that is naturally maintained by fire. Explain how the fire maintains the community or biome., AP Environmental Free Response Questions. ... AP Environmental Science Unit 8 - Land & Water Pollution. 3 min read. AP Environmental Science Unit 5 - Land & Water Use. 2 min read. AP Environmental Science Unit 4 - Earth Systems & Resources. 2 min read. AP Cram Sessions 2021., AP CSA: Unit 2 and 3 Review. T. streamed by Tejas Bhartiya. Study guides & practice questions for 3 key topics in AP CSA Unit 8 – 2D Array., Questions 1 and 2 are long free-response questions that require about 25 minutes each to answer. Questions 3 through 6 are short free-response questions that require about 10 minutes each to answer. Read each question carefully and completely. Answers must be written out in paragraph form., In uncertain times, it can be harder to make sure AR and AP are in good shape. Here are 11 ways to manage accounts payables and receivables. All small business owners know how vita..., College football is not just a game, but a multi-billion dollar industry that captivates fans across the nation. One of the most influential factors in determining a team’s success..., 8.14 Pollution & Human Health 8.15 Pathogens & Infectious Diseases pathogens: fungi, bacteria, and viruses; have evolved a wide variety of pathways to infect humans including transmission from humans, animals, the food eaten and water. disease causing pathogens have a large toll on human health and mortality; causes a rapid increase in disease …, Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Environmental conditions in coastal estuaries vary hourly and seasonally., Discuss TWO important causes for the variation in the temperature and/or salinity of an estuary. Be sure to include the connection between each cause and temperature and/or salinity., Discuss TWO roles that coastal wetlands play that are ecologically ..., The response identifies the average growth rate of kudzu at 20°C as 1.8 mm/hour. (b) (ii) Based on the data in the graph, describe the relationship between temperature and growth rate for Kudzu. -The growth rate for kudzu increases steadily from 5°C to 30°C and decreases from 30°C to 40°C. -The ideal temperature range for kudzu is between ..., Name the three distinct rock types, explain how each rock type is formed, and give one specific example of a rock of each type. Three distinct rock types include igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. Igneous rock forms directly from magma and is classified by its chemical composition. Two examples of igneous rock are basalt and granite., Download free-response questions from this year's exam and past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like (a) Describe TWO characteristics of invasive plants that help them outcompete native plants., (i) Based on the data in the graph, identify the year in which the abundance of native plants versus invasive plants is nearly equal., (ii) Describe the change in overall plant abundance from 2000-2012, using the data in the graph. and more., Google Drive (Notes, Review, Etc.) APES 22-23 Course Schedule. Blank Fill In Notes for YouTube Videos by Unit (by Carolyn Kelleher Mendonca) 1-page APES Note Frames for Slides/Videos (Created by Katie Coats) 2-page APES Notes Frames for Slides/Videos (Created by Kimberlee Jancaitis Martinak) APES Quizlet Sets (Organized by Unit & Topic), Answer: 17,556,000. 18,000,000. 1.8 x 10^7m^3. (a) Hypoxic dead zones often result in regions that have experienced extreme eutrophication. i. Identify one environmental impact of dead zones. The response identifies one environmental impact of dead zones, such as: · Decrease in overall diversity in area., Question 3: Analyze an environmental problem and propose a solution using calculations. You'll have 70 minutes to complete this section, which is worth 40% of your total APES score. Also, you may use a graphing calculator (especially important for Question 3). Each FRQ is worth a total of 10 raw points., APES Unit 1 FRQ. Describe what happens when two tectonic plates collide along a subduction zone. Click the card to flip 👆. The denser plate is usually pushed beneath the less dense plate forming a trench at the subduction zone. Click the card to flip 👆. 1 / 8., emotion-focused coping. coping strategies that change the impact of a stressor by changing the emotional reaction to the stressor. emotional intelligence. the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Algorithm, prototype, confirmation bias and more., 4 Questions. Directions: Answer all four questions, which are weighted equally; the suggested time is about 22 minutes for answering each question. Write all your answers on the pages following the questions in this book. Where calculations are required, clearly show how you arrived at your answer.