Sentinel 2

The SENTINEL-2 mission provides a range of datasets to support the user in their investigations. The user-derived Level-2B products will permit generation of broad interest land cover maps and more focused mapping of particular vegetation parameters such as Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR), Leaf Area Index …

Tidal flat plays an important role in coastal development because of its ecological and spatial resources. We take the southern tidal flat in the macro-tidal turbid …The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission comprises a land monitoring constellation of two polar-orbiting satellites placed in the same sun-synchronous orbit, phased at 180° to each other. It aims at monitoring variability in land surface conditions, and its wide swath width (290 km) and high revisit time (10 days at the equator with one satellite, and 5 days with 2 … the same orbit, Copernicus Sentinel-2 images land and coastal areas at high spatial resolution in the optical domain DATA ACCESS https://scihub.copernicus.eu As of July 2020, about 20 million products have been generated and made available for download, culminating a total of 10 Petabytes WHATS NEXT? Continuity over the coming years will be Sentinel-2B. Frequency and coverage of KML files. Each KML file usually covers a period of 10-15 days. The start and stop time of the planning information contained in the KML is defined in the KML file name. New KML files will be regularly provided to cover the next mission cycle/s, typically every week. Information provided by the KML files.These reports provide information on the status of the satellite and the instrument, the associated ground segment, and any mission milestones. See the archive for a full list of reports dating back to the launch of Copernicus SENTINEL-2. Mission Status Report 207: 01 - 30 April 2024. Mission Status Report 206: 01 - 31 March 2024.1 Oct 2020 ... Sentinel-2 gives access to the better quality imageries of spatial resolution 10m, 20m and 60m. The satellite with its Multispectral ...

Sentinel-2 will provide systematic global acquisitions of high-resolution multispectral imagery for Europe's Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) programme. Print to PDF. Copernicus Services. Atmosphere Marine Land Climate Change Security Emergency . Connect with us:The SENTINEL-2 mission systematically acquires data over land and coastal areas in a band of latitude extending from 56° South (Isla Hornos, Cape Horn, South America) to 82.8° North (above Greenland): all closed seas (e.g. Caspian Sea). In addition, the SENTINEL-2 observation scenario includes observations following member States or ...The Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission is based on a constellation of two identical satellites in the same orbit. Each satellite carries an innovative wide swath high-resolution multispectral imager with 13 spectral bands for a new perspective of our land and vegetation. The launch. Date: Sentinel-2A - 23 June 2015. Sentinel-2B - 7 March 2017.Level-2A can also be generated by the User from the Level-1C product using the SENTINEL-2 Toolbox or the standalone version of the Sen2Cor processor. Please note that starting with the PB 04.00 (25th January 2022), the dynamic range of the Level-2A products is shifted by a band-dependent constant: BOA_ADD_OFFSET.Sentinel-2A is a European optical imaging satellite launched in 2015. It is the first Sentinel-2 satellite launched as part of the European Space Agency 's Copernicus Programme. The satellite carries a wide swath high-resolution multispectral imager with 13 spectral bands. It will perform terrestrial observations in support of services such as ...Sentinel-2 Mission - Instrument Payload. The MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) uses a push-broom concept. A push-broom sensor works by collecting rows of image data across the orbital swath and utilises the forward motion of the spacecraft along the path of the orbit to provide new rows for acquisition.

Happiness and carbon emissions could be related according to a recent study. Learn about happiness and carbon emissions. Advertisement Bad air quality days may be becoming more com...Overview. The Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) project is an extension of research conducted at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD, that takes input data from the joint NASA/USGS Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 and the ESA (European Space Agency) Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B satellites to generate a harmonized, analysis-ready surface reflectance data product with observations ...The Sentinel-2 mission consists of two satellites developed to support vegetation, land cover, and environmental monitoring. The Sentinel-2A satellite was launched by ESA on June 23, 2015, and operates in a sun-synchronous orbit with a 10-day repeat cycle. A second identical satellite (Sentinel-2B) was launched March 7, 2017.President Joe Biden and former President Donald Trump have agreed to hold two campaign debates, on June 27 hosted by CNN and on Sept. 10 hosted by ABC. …U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio once called Donald Trump a “con artist” too “dangerous” and “erratic” to be entrusted with nuclear codes. But in a few months, Rubio …

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On the image below, Danakil Depression has been visualized using SWIR, RED and BLUE bands of Sentinel-2. The index tool makes it possible to quickly create remote sensing indices and control the visualization, by drag and dropping bands into the equation. Our custom script functionality is a powerful tool for visualizing satellite data. Sentinel-2. Dedicated to supplying data for Copernicus services, Sentinel-2 carries a multispectral imager with a swath of 290 km. The imager provides a versatile set of 13 spectral bands spanning from the visible and near infrared to the shortwave infrared, featuring four spectral bands at 10 m, six bands at 20 m and three bands at 60 m ... @article{Ma2024ANC, title={A new computationally efficient algorithm to generate global fractional vegetation cover from Sentinel-2 imagery at 10 m resolution}, …Sentinel-2B. Frequency and coverage of KML files. Each KML file usually covers a period of 10-15 days. The start and stop time of the planning information contained in the KML is defined in the KML file name. New KML files will be regularly provided to cover the next mission cycle/s, typically every week. Information provided by the KML files.

3 Apr 2018 ... Download and Conversion of Sentinel-2 Images Using Semi-Automati Classification Plugin for QGIS. From GIS to Remote Sensing · [Private video].The design of the MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) on-board SENTINEL-2 has been driven by the requirement for large swath high geometrical and spectral performance of the measurements. The MSI measures the Earth's reflected radiance in 13 spectral bands from VNIR to SWIR (Table 1). All the details about the measured spectral responses for each ... Sentinel-2 is a European mission that provides high-resolution, multi-spectral imaging of the Earth's surface. Learn about the mission, the data products, and the data access options in the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem. 1 Oct 2020 ... Sentinel-2 gives access to the better quality imageries of spatial resolution 10m, 20m and 60m. The satellite with its Multispectral ...The Sen2Cor [R1] processor algorithm is a combination of state-of-the-art techniques for performing atmospheric corrections which have been tailored to the SENTINEL-2 environment together with a scene classification module described in [R2]. The Scene Classification (SCL) algorithm allows the detection of clouds, snow and cloud shadows and ...Sentinel-2 is a polar-orbiting, multispectral high-resolution imaging mission for land monitoring to provide, for example, imagery of vegetation, soil and water cover, inland waterways and coastal areas. Sentinel 2 is a key element of the Copernicus programme of the European Union and features a two-satellite land monitoringTable 2: Sentinel-2 pilot product types. The continuous acquisition of SENTINEL-2 image data in a given MSI mode is called a "datatake". The maximum length of an imaging datatake is 15,000 km (e.g. continuous observation from northern Russia to southern Africa). All products contain granules/tiles from a single datatake.Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2. The Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) project is a NASA initiative aiming to produce a seamless surface reflectance record from the Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) aboard Landsat-8/9 and Sentinel-2A/B remote sensing satellites, respectively.The Sen2Cor [R1] processor algorithm is a combination of state-of-the-art techniques for performing atmospheric corrections which have been tailored to the SENTINEL-2 environment together with a scene classification module described in [R2]. The Scene Classification (SCL) algorithm allows the detection of clouds, snow and cloud shadows and ...The Sentinel-1 mission comprises a constellation of two polar-orbiting satellites, operating day and night performing C-band synthetic aperture radar imaging, enabling them to acquire imagery regardless of the weather. Sentinel-1 will work in a pre-programmed operation mode to avoid conflicts and to produce a consistent long-term data archive ...Just four days after being lofted into orbit, Europe's Sentinel-2A satellite delivered its first images of Earth, offering a glimpse of the 'colour vision' ...

ESRI disponibiliza Basemap Sentinel-2. 17 de julho de 2018 - 2 Comments. A ESRI, líder mundial em análise espacial e criadora do ArcGIS, lançou um serviço de basemap do Sentinel-2 para todos os usuários da Esri, sem custo adicional e sem consumo de créditos. O Sentinel-2 é um satélite de observação da Terra que fornece …

An introduction to the Sentinel-2 mission for Europe’s Copernicus programme and some of its benefits for the planet’s ever-growing population, such as defore...23 Jun 2020 ... Sentinel-2A has orbited Earth more than 26000 times – and travelled nearly 1.2 billion kilometers in its quest to help us better understand ...Level-1B. The Level-1B product is composed of an ensemble of granules that are 25 km across track (AC) by 23 km along track (AL). Each granule is approximately 27 MB in size. The Level-1B product provides radiometrically corrected imagery in Top-Of-Atmosphere (TOA) radiance values and in sensor geometry. Additionally, this product includes the ...Sentinel-2 will provide systematic global acquisitions of high-resolution multispectral imagery for Europe's Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) programme. Print to PDF. Copernicus Services. Atmosphere Marine Land Climate Change Security Emergency . Connect with us:Each Sentinel-2 product may contain multiple granules. The Sentinel-2 data contain 13 uint16 spectral bands representing TOA reflectance scaled by 10 000 [11]. In addition, three QA bands are present where one (QA60) is a bitmask band with cloud mask information. To convert to floating point, the values should be divided by 10 000.O principal local para busca e download de cenas Sentinel-2 é o portal Copernicus Open Access Hub. Aqui está a grade de cenas Sentinel-2 que cobre o Brasil, elaborado pela Forest-GIS. O Portal da EOS facilita a busca também. Se você quer apenas visualizar, o ArcGIS disponibiliza as imagens Sentinel já fusionadas em um basemap.Sentinel 2.05.03 download link. 2.03.00 --> 2.05.03 Changed to support Waterfall. 2.02.01 --> 2.03.00 Added 2.5 kHz and 3.125 kHz steps to the Custom Search and Discovery mode. Added settings to support the latest firmware updates for the SDS100/200. 2.01.02 --> 2.01.03 Fixed a bug that prevented selection of conventional systems by location.Monitoring open water bodies accurately is an important and basic application in remote sensing. Various water body mapping approaches have been developed to extract water bodies from multispectral images. The method based on the spectral water index, especially the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MDNWI) calculated from the green and … The Level-1C product is composed of 110x110 km 2 tiles (ortho-images in UTM/WGS84 projection). Earth is subdivided on a predefined set of tiles, defined in UTM/WGS84 projection and using a 100 km step. However, each tile has a surface of 110x110 km² in order to provide large overlap with the neighbouring. The Level-1C product results from ... Captured on 7 May 2024, this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image shows part of New Zealand’s North Island.. Zoom in to explore this image at its full 10 m resolution or …

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Sentinel-2 Toolbox (S2TBX) The Sentinel-2 Toolbox consists of a rich set of visualisation, analysis and processing tools for the exploitation of MSI data from the Sentinel-2 mission. As a multi-mission remote sensing toolbox, S2TBX supports ESA missions Envisat (MERIS & AATSR) and, ERS (ATSR), as well as third party data from RapidEye, SPOT, MODIS … The 13 spectral bands of SENTINEL-2 range from the Visible (VNIR) and Near Infra-Red (NIR) to the Short Wave Infra-Red (SWIR): 3 x 60 metre Bands mainly focused towards cloud screening and atmospheric correction (~443nm for aerosols and ~945nm for water vapour) and cirrus detection (~1374nm). NOTE: The Bandwidth (nm) in the Tables below is the ... On the image below, Danakil Depression has been visualized using SWIR, RED and BLUE bands of Sentinel-2. The index tool makes it possible to quickly create remote sensing indices and control the visualization, by drag and dropping bands into the equation. Our custom script functionality is a powerful tool for visualizing satellite data. The SENTINEL-2 mission will provide systematic coverage over the following areas: all continental land surfaces (including inland waters) between latitudes 56° South and 82.8° North. all coastal waters up to 20 km from the shore. all islands greater than 100 km 2. all EU islands. the Mediterranean Sea. all closed seas (e.g. Caspian Sea).The SENTINEL-2 mission systematically acquires data over land and coastal areas in a band of latitude extending from 56° South (Isla Hornos, Cape Horn, South America) to 82.8° North (above Greenland): all closed seas (e.g. Caspian Sea). In addition, the SENTINEL-2 observation scenario includes observations following member States or ...Endless sunshine, eternal summer - the Sentinel-2 cloudless layer combines trillions of pixels collected during differing weather conditions during the whole year of 2022 and merges them into a sunny homogeneous mosaic, almost free from satellite and atmospheric effects. Our thanks go to the European Commission and the European …Sentinel-2. センチネル-2 は、 ESA が コペルニクス計画 の一環として開発している地球観測ミッションであり、森林監視や土地被覆変化の検出、自然災害対策などの事業を支援するような地表観測を行う。. 同一仕様の2機の衛星 センチネル-2Aとセンチネル-2B ... Table 2: SENTINEL-2 pilot product types. Products are a compilation of elementary granules of fixed size, along with a single orbit. A granule is the minimum indivisible partition of a product (containing all possible spectral bands). For Level-1B granules are small images in sensor geometry sensed by each single of the twelve MSI detectors and ... The SENTINEL-2 mission will provide systematic coverage over the following areas: all continental land surfaces (including inland waters) between latitudes 56° South and 82.8° North. all coastal waters up to 20 km from the shore. all islands greater than 100 km 2. all EU islands. the Mediterranean Sea. all closed seas (e.g. Caspian Sea). ….

Table 2: Sentinel-2 pilot product types. The continuous acquisition of SENTINEL-2 image data in a given MSI mode is called a "datatake". The maximum length of an imaging datatake is 15,000 km (e.g. continuous observation from northern Russia to southern Africa). All products contain granules/tiles from a single datatake.As well as monitoring plant growth, Sentinel-2 can be used to map changes in land cover and to monitor the world’s forests. It also provides information on pollution in lakes and coastal waters. Images of floods, volcanic eruptions and landslides contribute to disaster mapping and help humanitarian relief efforts.These reports provide information on the status of the satellite and the instrument, the associated ground segment, and any mission milestones. See the archive for a full list of reports dating back to the launch of Copernicus SENTINEL-2. Mission Status Report 207: 01 - 30 April 2024. Mission Status Report 206: 01 - 31 March 2024. What is Sentinel 2. Sentinel 2 is part of the Copernicus earth observation program developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) to study the earth’s surface. The Sentinel 2 portion of the program consists of a pair of satellites that are designed to acquire reflected sunlight in the optical wavelengths. It is especially sensitive to ... Esri's Sentinel Explorer app is a powerful tool for visualizing our planet and understanding how the Earth has changed over time. The app leverages the power of Sentinel satellites, which gather data beyond what the eye can see. Users draw on Sentinel's different bands to better explore the planet's geology, vegetation, agriculture, and cities. Additionally, the app offers instant access to ... Labels on. Streets on. Smarter maps of our world using open data. For now, SentinelMap covers an area of 4.13 million km², with 68.7 gigapixel of earth images from Sentinel-2A satellite, under a Creative Commons BY-SA license.. SentinelMap Services. Full access to 1,398,100 cloud-free Sentinel-2 tiles with our new Basemap Tile Service beta.. Sign up …Sentinel-2 is a twin-satellite mission that provides multi-spectral images of the Earth's surface with a 5-day revisit frequency. The images are used for various Copernicus services and applications, such as land management, agriculture, forestry, and disaster control.We should not presume to know what uncontacted peoples want. John Allen Chau knew he might die. The 26-year-old US evangelical missionary was killed, in late November, on North Sen...Overview. The Harmonized Landsat and Sentinel-2 (HLS) project is an extension of research conducted at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, MD, that takes input data from the joint NASA/USGS Landsat 8 and Landsat 9 and the ESA (European Space Agency) Sentinel-2A and Sentinel-2B satellites to generate a harmonized, analysis-ready surface reflectance data product with observations ...Sentinel 2 Sentinel 2. Tato dvojice družic (Sentinel-2A a Sentinel-2B) byla vypuštěna v letech 2015 a 2017. Je určena pro pozorování Země ve 13 optických pásmech v rozsahu 442–2202 nm – tedy od viditelného záření až po infračervené záření … Sentinel 2, Verificação de segurança. Seu IP fez diversas tentativas de acessos suspeitos a sites hospedados conosco. Para liberar o acesso, responda ao desafio abaixo. [trocar imagem] Digite a palavra na imagem ao lado no campo abaixo., This scheme, however, wastes the detailed information available at the 10-m resolution. In this paper, to take full advantage of the 10-m information provided by Sentinel-2 images, a novel 10-m spatial resolution MNDWI is produced from Sentinel-2 images by downscaling the 20-m resolution SWIR band to 10 m based on pan-sharpening., Sentinel-2 faz parte do programa Coppernicus promovido pela União Européia cuja operação é gerida pela Agência Espacial Européia (ESA). Faixas Espectrais do Sentinel-2. Cada banda dos satélites gêmeos Sentinel-2 revela informações da atmosfera e da superfície terrestre., Back to article . Title: Copernicus Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-3 satellites Description: Copernicus Sentinel-1 (left), the first in the family of Copernicus satellites, is used to care for many aspects of the environment, from detecting and tracking oil spills and mapping sea ice to monitoring movement in land surfaces and mapping changes in the …, The Sentinel-2 Level-2A Collection 1 represents the product dataset generated starting from processing baseline 05.XX included.. The evolutions of the processing baseline (PB) are tracked and justified in the 'Processing Baseline Status' section of the Data Quality Report that is published on a monthly basis by the Mission Performance Center (MPC) and available from the Sentinel-2 Document ... , The 13 spectral bands of SENTINEL-2 range from the Visible (VNIR) and Near Infra-Red (NIR) to the Short Wave Infra-Red (SWIR): 3 x 60 metre Bands mainly focused towards cloud screening and atmospheric correction (~443nm for aerosols and ~945nm for water vapour) and cirrus detection (~1374nm). NOTE: The Bandwidth (nm) in the Tables below …, Products and Algorithms. Level-0 is compressed raw data. The Level-0 product contains all the information required to generate the Level-1 (and upper) product levels. Level-1A is uncompressed raw data with spectral bands coarsely coregistered and ancillary data appended. Level-1B data is radiometrically corrected radiance data., This application displays the land use/land cover (LULC) timeseries layer derived from ESA Sentinel-2 imagery at 10m resolution. Powered by Esri. Map Labels. Terrain. Land Cover. Imagery. Animate. Swipe. 10m Land Cover Choose a Year to View. Download GeoTIFF. Publish to ArcGIS. 1/1/2023. 1/1/2017. 1/1/2023. Land Use/Land Cover Classes Click to ..., The Sentinel-2 Level-2F product provides fused Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8/9 orthorectified Surface Reflectance (Bottom-Of-Atmosphere: BOA), with sub-pixel multispectral and multitemporal registration accuracy. The fusion includes the upscaling of L8/L9 data to S2 resolution (cf. Figure 1). Figure 1 - L2H at 30m (left) and L2F at 10 m (right ..., Enter your e-mail address to receive news, tips, updates and special offers about Hard Disk Sentinel software.More ... Your e-mail address is kept securely (see our privacy policy)., Cerberus Cyber Sentinel Corporation Registered Shs News: This is the News-site for the company Cerberus Cyber Sentinel Corporation Registered Shs on Markets Insider Indices Commodi..., According to the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), a sentinel pile is an external lump that develops around the rectum as a result of anal fissures. In some ca..., Sentinel 2 image is a multi-spectral satellite data having eight bands with a spatial resolution of 10 m. SOI topographical map bearing the numbers of 73 M/1 and 73 M/2 has been used for the preparation of base map of the study area, generation of road and drainage network, and identification of major settlements., Sentinel-2 is a European mission that provides high-resolution, multi-spectral imaging of the Earth's surface. Learn about the mission, the data products, and the data access options in the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem., Sentinel-2 7331210. Sentinel-3 2883562. Sentinel Australasia Regional Access. The Sentinel Australasia Regional Access (SARA) provides free access to data from all Sentinel satellites for the South-East Asia and South Pacific region., Table 2: Sentinel-2 pilot product types. The continuous acquisition of SENTINEL-2 image data in a given MSI mode is called a "datatake". The maximum length of an imaging datatake is 15,000 km (e.g. continuous observation from northern Russia to southern Africa). All products contain granules/tiles from a single datatake., The SENTINEL-2 mission provides a range of datasets to support the user in their investigations. The user-derived Level-2B products will permit generation of broad interest land cover maps and more focused mapping of particular vegetation parameters such as Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR), Leaf Area Index …, Sentinel-2 L2A imagery taken on August 18, 2018, The Sentinel-2 mission has global coverage and high revisit time, 10 days at the equator with one single satellite, and 5 days with 2 satellites, which plays an important role in monitoring the changes happening on the Earth’s surface. A detailed description can be found in the Harmonized Sentinel-2 Level-1C Top-of-Atmosphere (TOA) products ., 904 Results for Mission: “Sentinel-2” in Images Sort By: Latest Release Most Views Likes. Image. Applications Earth from Space: Bolivian salt lakes. 10/05/2024 2454 views 47 …, It’s meant to be a satisfying way to showcase how strong you’ve gotten. Unless your Kai Cenat, who spent six hours refusing to give up on the Tree Sentinel despite still …, The SENTINEL-2 mission provides a range of datasets to support the user in their investigations. The user-derived Level-2B products will permit generation of broad interest land cover maps and more focused mapping of particular vegetation parameters such as Fraction of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (FAPAR), Leaf Area Index …, Jun 23, 2015 · Sentinel-2 operations. The Sentinels are a fleet of satellites designed specifically to deliver the wealth of data and imagery that are central to the European Commission’s Copernicus programme. This unique environmental monitoring programme is changing the way we manage our environment, understand and tackle the effects of climate change and ... , Level-2A can also be generated by the User from the Level-1C product using the SENTINEL-2 Toolbox or the standalone version of the Sen2Cor processor. Please note that starting with the PB 04.00 (25th January 2022), the dynamic range of the Level-2A products is shifted by a band-dependent constant: BOA_ADD_OFFSET., Amid missed deadlines and issues with talent and investors, organizers have finally canceled the Woodstock 50 festival. Woodstock 50, the highly anticipated festival organized to c..., There are at least 20 different kinds of Sentinels, which means different kinds of danger to the X-Men and mutants everywhere. Apart from the Mark series, the Master …, 904 Results for Mission: “Sentinel-2” in Images Sort By: Latest Release Most Views Likes. Image. Applications Earth from Space: Bolivian salt lakes. , The Sentinel-2 Collection 1 (reprocessed data) featuring processing baseline 5.00 is gradually ingested into the Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem. This ingestion will be completed in the end of Q2 2024. Updated availability by sensing time period (*) Sentinel-2A. Sentinel-2B. Published. From 12th November 2017 to 31st December 2021 Included., Data products. 56605 views 37 likes. ESA / Applications / Observing the Earth / Copernicus / Sentinel-2. Sentinel-2’s multispectral imager undertakes systematic acquisition in a single observation mode. Level-1B: Top of atmosphere radiances in sensor geometry. Level-1B is composed of granules, one granule represents the sub-image one …, Level-2A. The Level-2A product provides atmospherically corrected Surface Reflectance (SR) images, derived from the associated Level-1C products. Each Level-2A product is composed of 110x110 km 2 tiles in cartographic geometry (UTM/WGS84 projection). Earth is subdivided on a predefined set of tiles, defined in UTM/WGS84 projection and using a ..., Level-2. The Level-2A processing includes a Scene Classification and an Atmospheric Correction applied to Top-Of-Atmosphere (TOA) Level-1C orthoimage products. Level-2A main output is an orthoimage atmospherically corrected, Surface Reflectance product. Please be aware that "Surface Reflectance (SR)" is a new term that has been introduced …, , S2 Mission Overview of Sentinel-2 Mission. Sentinel-2 is a European wide-swath, high-resolution, multi-spectral imaging mission. The full mission specification of the twin satellites flying in the same orbit but phased at 180°, is designed to give a high revisit frequency of 5 days at the Equator.