Melencolia i

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Melencolia i. Melencolia I Albrecht Dürer 1514. The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City, United States. Download this artwork (provided by The Metropolitan Museum of Art).

Melencolia I by Albrecht Dürer: behind the main figure is a four-by-four grid. This is the first occurrence in western art of a magic square. Albrecht Dürer, a master painter and engraver of the ...

One painting that continues to captivate and bewilder audiences is "Melencolia I." Painted in 1514, this masterful engraving portrays a melancholic angel surrounded by an array of intriguing symbols. While the meaning and importance of "Melencolia I" may appear straightforward at first, delving deeper reveals an unexpected interpretation that ...Title: Melencolia I. Creator: Albrecht Dürer. Date Created: 1514. Physical Dimensions: sheet (trimmed to plate mark): 24.2 x 18.8 cm (9 1/2 x 7 3/8 in.) Provenance: Arthur Friederich Theodor Bohnenberger [1826-1893], Stuttgart (Lugt 68); (auction sale, Gutekunst and Klipstein, Bern, 6 June 1939, no. 95); purchased 1939 by Lessing J. Rosenwald ...Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online.Title: Melencolia I Creator Lifespan: 1471/1528 Creator Nationality: German Creator Gender: male Date Created: 1514 origin: Germany Physical Dimensions: w7.31 x h9.375 in (plate) ...Melencolia I Version for oboe/voice + primed piano/voice. Angelus Novus II collage instrumental-vocal mis en scene for vocal+instrumental soloists + Jazz Quartet + ensemble + live electronics . Berlin - Symphony of a Big City Film music for orchestra (Co-composition: Iris ter Schiphorst) By any measure, Melencolia I is an arresting image. A magnificent, laurel-crowned angel sits brooding in the foreground. In its hand and strewn about are the tools and materials of physical creation—from hammer and nails to an alchemical crucible (vessel). Sitting on a millstone is a putto, scribbling away on a tablet. Models of ideal geometric forms, such as a sphere and a polyhedron ... Dec 3, 2014 · The distinctive three-dimensional shape in Albrecht Dürer’s 1514 engraving Melencolia I has been the subject of innumerous analyses and still no one is sure what it is or what it means.

Provenance. Purchased by the NMWA, 1998. Exhibition History 1999 Rhetorik der Leidenschaft - Zur Bildsprache der Kunst in Abendland: Meisterwerke aus der Graphische Sammlung Albertina und aus der Porträtsammlung der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek (The Body in Memory: Warburg's Treasury of Images), National …Bring art to your home and classroom through interactive resources for different learning styles and developmental stages. Essays, guides, activities, and videos are designed to support various curricA famous engraving of a winged figure with mathematical tools and a rhombohedron. Learn about the artwork's history, symbolism, and context in The Met's collection of drawings and prints.in His Copper Engraving “Melencolia I” Peter Schreiber Institut fur Mathematik/Informatik, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universit¨ at, F.-L.-Jahn-Strasse 15a,¨ D-17487 Greifswald, Federal Republic of Germany E-mail: [email protected] A hitherto unnoticed property of D¨urer’s truncated rhombohedron, a way he could have constructedDürer, Melencolia. Albrecht Dürer is the rare artist who truly deserves to be called genius. Genius, however, is tricky business. Dürer’s intellect, introspection, and unrelenting perfectionism may have driven him to a state of melancholia—what is now known as depression. Dürer’s famed Melencolia I engraving of 1514 has been called ...242x189 mm; 9 1/2x7 1/2 inches. A very good, early and evenly-printed Meder II b-c impression, before the scratch on the sphere lower left and the scratches on ...

Dec 3, 2014 · The distinctive three-dimensional shape in Albrecht Dürer’s 1514 engraving Melencolia I has been the subject of innumerous analyses and still no one is sure what it is or what it means. HONG KONG, March 25, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- One of Asia's most successful NFT projects, Monkey Kingdom, has announced its latest collection, 'Monkey... HONG KONG, March 25, 2022 /PRN...Albrecht Dürer, Melencolia I (1514). Courtesy National Gallery of Art. While its nominal subject is melancholy, and while its aesthetic is crisp and clean, the true meaning of German Renaissance ...I’ve approached Melencolia,first of all, from the arch-skeptic’s viewpoint, the one that doubts whether a maximum of iconographic knowledge will ever bring about a “solution” to the puzzle of meaning. After so many failed attempts at exegesis, it’s unreasonable to expect we’ll someday arrive at an interpretation so complete, so ...Overview. Signatures, Inscriptions, and Markings. Provenance. Catalogue Raisonné. Title: Melencolia I. Artist: Albrecht Dürer (German, Nuremberg 1471–1528 Nuremberg) Date: 1514. Medium: Engraving. Dimensions: …

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Duerer's engraving ``MELENCOLIA I'' was circulated in two versions not previously distinguished. Besides their conspicuous early Renaissance scientific instruments and tools, they contain numerous apparently unreported concealments whose detection reveals heresies expressed in the work. The main one is encoded in the motto …Living with two mental health conditions such as bipolar disorder and autism may seem unlikely, but it is possible. You can learn to manage both. The idea of multiple mental health...Melencolia I Albrecht Dürer 1514. Kupferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin Berlin, Germany »Bild der Bilder«, »Trostblatt«, »geistiges Selbstporträt«, »Gedenkblatt auf den Tod der Mutter« – diese und eine Fülle weiterer Deutungen hat der berühmteste der drei Meisterstiche Dürers von jeher erfahren.Title: Melencolia I Creator: Albrecht Dürer Creator Lifespan: 1471 - 1528 Creator Death Place: Nuremberg Creator Birth Place: Nuremberg Date Created: 1514 Provinience: Sammlung der Kunstakademie (NRW) Physical Dimensions: w187 x h237 cm Object notes (german): Der Sinngehalt von Dürers Melancholie ließ sich kaum je eindeutig … On the face of the building, hanging over Melencolia’s head, is an hourglass with the sand about halfway spent and a magic square, which is a grid of four rows and four columns. The numbers in the grid read, from left to right, 16, 3, 2, 13 in the top row; an upside down 5, a 10, 11, and 8 in the second row; a backward 9, a 6, 7, and 12 in ...

Melancholia is based on the engraving "Melencolia I" by Albrecht Dürer. [1] Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. Melancholia is a character in Pentiment. Melancholia appears in Andreas' dreams, where he identifies her with Beatrice. She takes the appearance as her, though instead looms over the freshly ruined ...The prevailing narrative of Melencolia I comes from Erwin Panofsky who argues that it is a partly product of Dürer’s study of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa’s De Occulta Philosophia, a treatise popular among Renaissance humanists like Dürer.6 Having read the Occulta, which changed the popular perception of melancholy as common depression to ...See this artwork on the Davison Art Center website; Object Credit Line: Davison Art Center, Wesleyan University. Gift of George W. Davison (B.A. Wesleyan 1892), 1949; Materials & Techniques: Engraving on coarse laid paper Keywords: allegory, angels, melancholy, sheep Image Credit Line:Melencolia I is a 1514 engraving by the German artist Albrecht Dürer that depicts the artist's spiritual and creative self-portrait. The print depicts the winged personification of melancholy, the lowest of the four humors, with a caliper and other tools of geometry, the liberal art of the artist.Living with two mental health conditions such as bipolar disorder and autism may seem unlikely, but it is possible. You can learn to manage both. The idea of multiple mental health...Description. Although the title indentifies the subject as melancholy, the means by which Dürer demonstrates this emotional state is complex, making Melencolia I the most analyzed and discussed of Dürer’s works. Dürer personifies melancholy as a formidable female—her power originates in her ability to alter a man’s temperament into a ...Dürer ’s personification of the melancholic temperament in his most famous print, Melencolia I, shows a brooding, inactive figure who sits under an hourglass, weighed down by her own thoughts...Melencolia I Version for oboe/voice + primed piano/voice. Angelus Novus II collage instrumental-vocal mis en scene for vocal+instrumental soloists + Jazz Quartet + ensemble + live electronics . Berlin - Symphony of a Big City Film music for orchestra (Co-composition: Iris ter Schiphorst)メランコリア I(独: Melencolia I, Melancholia I)は、アルブレヒト・デューラーが1514年に製作した銅版画。 作品 [ 編集 ] デューラーの代表作で、「 書斎の聖ヒエロニムス ( 英語版 ) 」、「 騎士と死と悪魔 」とともに三大銅版画と呼ばれる [1] 。It also traces representations of melancholy in literature and the arts up to the sixteenth century, culminating in a landmark analysis of Dürer's most famous engraving, Melencolia I. This edition features Raymond Klibansky's additional introduction and bibliographical amendments for the German edition, as well as translations of source material and 155 …

Title: Melencolia I. Creator: Albrecht Dürer. Date Created: 1514. Physical Dimensions: sheet (trimmed to plate mark): 24.2 x 18.8 cm (9 1/2 x 7 3/8 in.) Provenance: Arthur Friederich Theodor Bohnenberger [1826-1893], Stuttgart (Lugt 68); (auction sale, Gutekunst and Klipstein, Bern, 6 June 1939, no. 95); purchased 1939 by Lessing J. Rosenwald ...

On the face of the building, hanging over Melencolia’s head, is an hourglass with the sand about halfway spent and a magic square, which is a grid of four rows and four columns. The numbers in the grid read, from left to right, 16, 3, 2, 13 in the top row; an upside down 5, a 10, 11, and 8 in the second row; a backward 9, a 6, 7, and 12 in ...ALBRECHT DÜRER (1471-1528) Melencolia I engraving, 1514, on laid paper, without watermark, a very good Meder II a impression, printing with great clarity and good contrasts, trimmed to or just outside the borderline, just fractionally into the subject in places, a small paper split at upper left, a tiny made-up paper loss at the lower right sheet edge, …Mitchell Merback’s latest book, Perfection’s Therapy: An Essay on Albrecht Dürer’s Melencolia I, precisely does not reveal what the enigma of the master engraving is “about.” Rather, it reveals mystery itself as a sixteenth-century therapeutic practice. In so doing, the book provides insight into the endurance and pervasiveness of …Identificato con la Mensula Jovis, il quadrato magico della Melencolia I è simbolo iatromatematico di Giove e la sua presenza, scrive Calvesi, «potrebbe spiegarsi in due modi: come allusione alla fase alchimistica destinata a subentrare a quella della nigredo, fase seconda che è appunto sotto il segno di Giove, mentre la prima è sotto quella di …In 1513-1514, Dürer made three "master engravings", similar in format, among them Melencolia I, whose enigmatic symbols and multifarious meanings have made it one of the most often discussed works in art history. The title refers to the theory of temperaments, which was of ancient origin but survived into the Middle Ages and the Renaissance ...Melencolia I Albrecht Dürer 1514. National Gallery of Art, Washington DC Washington, DC, United States. Details. Title: Melencolia I; Creator: Albrecht Dürer; Date Created: 1514; Physical Dimensions: sheet (trimmed to plate mark): 24.2 x 18.8 cm (9 1/2 x 7 3/8 in.)Dec 3, 2014 · The distinctive three-dimensional shape in Albrecht Dürer’s 1514 engraving Melencolia I has been the subject of innumerous analyses and still no one is sure what it is or what it means.

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Identificato con la Mensula Jovis, il quadrato magico della Melencolia I è simbolo iatromatematico di Giove e la sua presenza, scrive Calvesi, «potrebbe spiegarsi in due modi: come allusione alla fase alchimistica destinata a subentrare a quella della nigredo, fase seconda che è appunto sotto il segno di Giove, mentre la prima è sotto ...melancholia: [noun] a mental condition and especially a manic-depressive condition characterized by extreme depression, bodily complaints, and often hallucinations and delusions.melancholia: [noun] a mental condition and especially a manic-depressive condition characterized by extreme depression, bodily complaints, and often hallucinations and delusions.There’s a lot to be optimistic about in the Industrial Goods sector as 2 analysts just weighed in on FedEx (FDX – Research Report) and Lea... There’s a lot to be optimistic a...Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online. Melancholia. Melancholia or melancholy (from Greek: µέλαινα χολή melaina chole, [1] meaning black bile) [2] is a concept found throughout ancient, medieval, and premodern medicine in Europe that describes a condition characterized by markedly depressed mood, bodily complaints, and sometimes hallucinations and delusions . The company, Evelo Biosciences Inc Registered Shs, is set to host investors and clients on a conference call on 8/11/2022 7:48:47 AM. The call com... The company, Evelo Biosciences...Melencolia I là một lời thú nhận, là sự suy nghĩ nội tâm của những người nghệ sỹ thời Phục Hưng, điều chưa từng có trong lịch sử nghệ thuật phương bắc. Ma phương:-Ma phương 4×4, 2 ô chính giữa hàng cuối cùng chính là năm của bức điêu khắc – 1514.Melencolia I, 1514. Engraving on laid paper, image: 9 3/8 × 7 1/4 in. (23.8 × 18.4 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Gift of Mrs. Horace O. Havemeyer, 54.35.8 (Photo: , 54.35.8 ...Albrecht Dürer, Melencolia I ,1514, engraving, 24 x 18.5 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Albrecht Dürer is the rare artist who truly deserves to be called genius. Genius, however, is tricky business. Dürer’s intellect, introspection, and unrelenting perfectionism may have driven him to a state of melancholia—what is now known as ...Duerer's engraving ``MELENCOLIA I'' was circulated in two versions not previously distinguished. Besides their conspicuous early Renaissance scientific instruments and tools, they contain numerous apparently unreported concealments whose detection reveals heresies expressed in the work. The main one is encoded in the motto …A presidential candidate's 'missing' school certificate Will you still have your high school diploma at age 72? That’s been the question raging in Nigeria for the last few weeks as... ….

Dimensions: Plate dimensions: 235 mm x 186 mm (9.25 in. x 7.32 in.). Bibliography: Alvin 1576; Bartsch 74 (after); M. 75. Associated People: Created by Hieronymus Wierix (Dutch (Flemish), 1553-1619), After Albrecht Dürer (German, 1471-1528) Accession Number: 1962.3.6. Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and ...Explore the enigmatic and complex engraving by Dürer, one of his three "master engravings" and a testament to his artistic imagination. Learn about the possible meanings of the winged figure, the objects, and the symbols in this print that represents the melancholy of the creative artist. Melencolia I. Albrecht Dürer German. 1514 Not on view View more. Due to rights restrictions, this image cannot be enlarged, viewed at full screen, or downloaded. ... Melencolia I Place Germany (Artist's nationality:) Date Dates are not always precisely known, but the Art Institute strives to present this information as consistently and legibly as possible. Dates may be represented as a range that spans decades, centuries, dynasties, or periods and may include qualifiers such as c. (circa) or BCE. Made 1514A famous engraving of a winged figure with mathematical tools and a rhombohedron. Learn about the artwork's history, symbolism, and context in The Met's collection of drawings and prints.Potremmo allora considerare la Melencolia di Dürer – è questa la nostra tesi – un precedente di Bartleby e di altri personaggi, come quelli di Franz Kafka o Robert Walser, che costellano i libri di Agamben, evocati per il loro fulgore paradigmatico ad assistere ed esemplificare lo sviluppo del concetto di inoperosità.33 Il collegamento ...On the face of the building, hanging over Melencolia’s head, is an hourglass with the sand about halfway spent and a magic square, which is a grid of four rows and four columns. The numbers in the grid read, from left to right, 16, 3, 2, 13 in the top row; an upside down 5, a 10, 11, and 8 in the second row; a backward 9, a 6, 7, and 12 in ...Aug 29, 2003 ... Dürer's Melencolia I is about more than insomnia and depression. Its themes of geometry, cosmology and even politics have influenced artists ...Lifestyle Blogs Categories We are an affiliate for products that we recommend and receive compensation from the companies whose products we recommend on this site. The placement of...Title: Melencolia I Creator Lifespan: 1471/1528 Creator Nationality: German Creator Gender: male Date Created: 1514 origin: Germany Physical Dimensions: w7.31 x h9.375 in (plate) ... Melencolia i, The smallest (and unique up to rotation and reflection) non-trivial case of a magic square, order 3. In recreational mathematics, a square array of numbers, usually positive integers, is called a magic square if the sums of the numbers in each row, each column, and both main diagonals are the same. [1] [2] The 'order' of the magic square is the ... , Dürer personifies melancholy as a formidable female—her power originates in her ability to alter a man’s temperament into a melancholic state. Immobilized by her lack of creativity, the winged goddess sits dispiritedly surrounded by the tools and instruments she has lost the inspiration to use. Among intellectuals, melancholy was often ..., Der hier links gezeigte Druck ist der erste Zustand des »Melencolia«-Blattes, wie ihn Dürer zunächst ausgeführt hat: Unter der von ihm noch auf der Druckplatte aus einer Sechs in eine Fünf geänderten Anfangsziffer der zweiten Reihe im Magischen Quadrat steht im ersten Kästchen der dritten Reihe eine spiegelverkehrte Neun. Diesen Fehler ..., Angela Su: Melencolia. Angela Su: Melencolia is the artist's first solo exhibition in the Western Hemisphere. The works assembled for the exhibition include installations, speculative docufiction videos, and drawings and hair embroideries of composite cyborgian bodies. Activating historical filmic language or the power of intricate ..., Melencolia I Albrecht Dürer 1514. The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City, United States. Download this artwork (provided by The Metropolitan Museum of Art)., Details. ALBRECHT DÜRER (1471-1528) Melencolia I. engraving, 1514, on laid paper, without watermark, a very fine, warm Meder IIa impression, printing very sharply and clearly and with intense contrasts, the figure's face printing darkly (as called for by Meder in early impressions), trimmed inside the platemark but retaining a fillet of blank ..., Melencolia is a variant spelling of “melancholy,” which means sadness. It was seen as one of the four humors, or temperaments, determining one’s personality or mental state. The four include choleric (quick to anger), phlegmatic (calm), sanguine (cheerful), and melancholy. Melancholy was believed to result from an excess of a bodily fluid ..., ALBRECHT DÜRER (1471-1528) Melencolia I engraving, 1514, on laid paper, without watermark, a fine Meder IIa impression, printing with great clarity and intense contrasts, the figure's face printing darkly, trimmed inside the platemark but retaining a fillet of blank paper outside the subject in most places, trimmed on or just inside the platemark below, a …, Melancholia is based on the engraving "Melencolia I" by Albrecht Dürer. [1] Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted. Melancholia is a character in Pentiment. Melancholia appears in Andreas' dreams, where he identifies her with Beatrice. She takes the appearance as her, though instead looms over the freshly ruined ..., Google Arts & Culture features content from over 2000 leading museums and archives who have partnered with the Google Cultural Institute to bring the world's treasures online., Dürer personifies melancholy as a formidable female—her power originates in her ability to alter a man’s temperament into a melancholic state. Immobilized by her lack of creativity, the winged goddess sits dispiritedly surrounded by the tools and instruments she has lost the inspiration to use. Among intellectuals, melancholy was often ..., A deft reinterpretation of the most zealously interpreted picture in the Western canon as a therapeutic artifact. Albrecht Dürer's famous portrayal of creative effort in paralysis, the unsurpassed masterpiece of copperplate engraving titled Melencolia I, has stood for centuries as a pictorial summa of knowledge about the melancholic temperament, a …, A famous engraving of a winged figure with mathematical tools and a rhombohedron. Learn about the artwork's history, symbolism, and context in The Met's collection of drawings and prints., Duerer's engraving ``MELENCOLIA I'' was circulated in two versions not previously distinguished. Besides their conspicuous early Renaissance scientific instruments and tools, they contain numerous apparently unreported concealments whose detection reveals heresies expressed in the work. The main one is encoded in the motto …, If you've been linen shopping, you've probably noticed the arms race of sorts among sheet manufacturers to produce the highest thread count sheets. What exactly is thread count and..., 1 Wojciech Balus, “Dürer’s Melencolia I: Melancholy and the Undecidable,” Artibus et Historiae 15, no. 30 (1994): 9–21, at 9.. 2 On Nuremberg as a center for the manufacture of scientific instruments during this period, see Susan Dackerman, ed., Prints and the Pursuit of Knowledge in Early Modern Europe (New Haven: Yale University …, Dec 6, 2023 · Albrecht Dürer, Melencolia I ,1514, engraving, 24 x 18.5 cm (The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Albrecht Dürer is the rare artist who truly deserves to be called genius. Genius, however, is tricky business. Dürer’s intellect, introspection, and unrelenting perfectionism may have driven him to a state of melancholia—what is now known as ... , By any measure, Melencolia I is an arresting image. A magnificent, laurel-crowned angel sits brooding in the foreground. In its hand and strewn about are the tools and materials of physical creation—from hammer and nails to an alchemical crucible (vessel). Sitting on a millstone is a putto, scribbling away on a tablet. Models of ideal geometric forms, such …, I’ve approached Melencolia,first of all, from the arch-skeptic’s viewpoint, the one that doubts whether a maximum of iconographic knowledge will ever bring about a “solution” to the puzzle …, Melencolia I. Copper engraving on paper. (1514). C. 24.3 : 19 cm. Description. Bartsch 74; Meder 75/II ..., He went on to produce independent prints, such as the engraving Adam and Eve (1504; 19.73.1), and small, self-contained groups of images, such as the so-called Meisterstiche (master engravings) featuring Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513; 43.106.2), Saint Jerome in His Study (1514), and Melencolia I (1514; 43.106.1), which were intended more ..., The engraving "Melencolia I" (1514) by the German artist Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) is studied from a symmetry point of view. A review is made on the interpretation of the enigmatic polyhedron or crystal, one of the key elements of the composition, in comparison with some of the artist's geometrical sketches and a preliminary mirror symmetry drawing., How many times are you checking your email per day? 2, 10, 20? Here's how you can actually get paid to read emails as a side hustle! If you want to bring in some extra income witho..., Medicine Matters Sharing successes, challenges and daily happenings in the Department of Medicine Nadia Hansel, MD, MPH, is the interim director of the Department of Medicine in th..., Melancholia is a 2011 science fiction drama film written and directed by Lars von Trier and starring Kirsten Dunst, Charlotte Gainsbourg, and Kiefer Sutherland, with Alexander Skarsgård, Brady Corbet, Cameron Spurr, Charlotte Rampling, Jesper Christensen, John Hurt, Stellan Skarsgård, and Udo Kier in supporting roles. The film's story revolves …, Melencolia I Albrecht Dürer 1514. The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City, United States. Download this artwork (provided by The Metropolitan Museum of Art). Learn more about this artwork. Details. Title: Melencolia I; Creator: Albrecht Dürer; Date Created: 1514; Physical Dimensions: Sheet: 9 1/2 × 7 5/16 in. (24.1 × 18.5 cm), Bring art to your home and classroom through interactive resources for different learning styles and developmental stages. Essays, guides, activities, and videos are designed to support various curric, Jonathan Jones. Fri 18 Mar 2011 06.52 EDT. Albrecht Dürer's Melencolia I has cut its black lines deep into the modern imagination. It shows a winged being who sits in apparent dejection ..., If you've been linen shopping, you've probably noticed the arms race of sorts among sheet manufacturers to produce the highest thread count sheets. What exactly is thread count and..., Melencolia I Albrecht Dürer 1514. The Metropolitan Museum of Art New York City, United States. Download this artwork (provided by The Metropolitan Museum of Art)., 5 days ago · Dürer's magic square is a magic square with magic constant 34 used in an engraving entitled Melencolia I by Albrecht Dürer (The British Museum, Burton 1989, Gellert et al. 1989). The engraving shows a disorganized jumble of scientific equipment lying unused while an intellectual sits absorbed in thought. Dürer's magic square is located in ... , This polyhedron is one of the most intriguing elements in Albrecht Dürer’s Melencolia I (1514) engraving. Albrecht Dürer, Melencolia I, 1514. Engraving, 24.1 x 19.1 cm. The Met, NYC. Melencolia I is a mystery. This engraving has been subject of speculation for centuries. Famous iconographers such as Warburg, Saxl, and Panofsky …, Melencolia is a variant spelling of “melancholy,” which means sadness. It was seen as one of the four humors, or temperaments, determining one’s personality or mental state. The four include choleric (quick to anger), phlegmatic (calm), sanguine (cheerful), and melancholy. Melancholy was believed to result from an excess of a bodily fluid ...