P ekman

TLDR. This chapter will introduce facial expressions as one of the primary nonverbal channels that express universal emotions and present scientific evidence for the universality of facial expressions of emotion, including studies of humans across cultures, blind individuals, twins and families, infants, and nonhuman primates. Expand. 18.

P ekman. For six emotions-- a ger, fear, surprise, sadness, and disgust, happiness--there isa unique, highly recognizable, pan-cultural facial expression. 3No unique universal ex- facial pression has been discovered fo moods (e.g., irritability ismarked by anger displays but has no expression of its own), for attitudes (e.g., no expression for liking ...

In this chapter the author consolidates his previous writings about basic emotions (e.g., Ekman, 1984), and describes a framework of basic emotions which is most influenced by Darwin (1872/1997) and S. S. Tomkins (1962). The 3 meanings of the term "basic" are described. From this perspective, all negative and positive emotions differ in their appraisals, antecedent events, probable behavioral ...

Language. English. xvi, 439 pages : 24 cm. Revised edition of: Emotion in the human face / Paul Ekman. 1972. Includes bibliographical references (pages 398-423) Includes indexes. 1. Conceptual ambiguities -- 2.Ekman P. (1989b, January). A cross cultural study of emotional expression, language and physiology. Symposium conducted at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, San Francisco.Sep 21, 2017 · Paul Ekman nos invita a realizar un viaje fascinante a través de las emociones donde descubriremos qué revelamos con nuestras expresiones faciales y cómo interpretar las de los demás. «No se había escrito ningún libro tan exhaustivo y revelador sobre este tema desde La expresión de las emociones, de Darwin». OLIVER SACKS Paul Ekman hat in seinen Forschungen letztlich sieben Basisemotionen (auch Grundthemen genannt) identifiziert: Trauer, Zorn, Überraschung, Angst, Ekel, Verachtung und Freude (noch in Ekman 2000b: 435 fanden sich nur fünf Basisemotionen). Elterliche Liebe oder Liebe zwischen Partnern sind nach Ekman keine Emotionen, da Emotionen sehr rasch ...This edition has the feel not of a lovingly restored museum piece but of a recent seminal work."--Steven Pinker, Science "Darwin's most readable and human book . . . undiminished and intensely relevant even 125 years after publication."--Oliver Sacks, author of Musicophilia and The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat "The Expression of …Reviews the research on various types of smiles and shows that the enjoyment smile (ES) seems to be associated with positive emotion, whereas other types of smiles are not. Based on observations made by clinical neurologists on lesioned patients and by P. Ekman and W. V. Friesen (see record 1984-19956-001) on a large data set from normal …

Companies are planning furiously to reopen as hybrid workplaces. But why not go one step further and adopt a four-day work week? To modern workers everywhere, Remember that friend ...This paper presents a novel approach to recognize the six universal facial expressions from visual data and use them to derive the level of interest using psychological evidences using a two-step classification built on the top of refined optical flow computed from sequence of images. Expand. 103. Highly Influenced.Facial expressions provide an important behavioral measure for the study of emotion, cognitive processes, and social interaction. The Facial Action Coding System (P. Ekman and W. Friesen, 1978) is an objective method for quantifying facial movement in terms of component actions. The authors applied computer image analysis to the problem of …Abstract. In recent years, the field of emotion has grown enormously—recently, nearly 250 scientists were identified who are studying emotion. In this article, I report a survey of the field, which revealed high agreement about the evidence regarding the nature of emotion, supporting some of both Darwin’s and Wundt’s 19th …Facial expressions provide an important behavioral measure for the study of emotion, cognitive processes, and social interaction. The Facial Action Coding System (P. Ekman and W. Friesen, 1978) is an objective method for quantifying facial movement in terms of component actions. The authors applied computer image analysis to the problem of …Paul Ekman is a well-known psychologist and co-discoverer of micro expressions. He was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by TIME magazine in 2009. He has worked with many government agencies, domestic and abroad. Dr.Mechanisms of Arctic amplification and Arctic climate change are difficult to pinpoint, and current climate models do not represent the complex local processes and feedbacks at play, in particular ... Micro Expressions Intensive Training Tool is an expanded version of the Micro Expressions frontal-view training. It has the same format as the Micro Expressions Tool, with several extended practice sessions and all new faces. The Micro Expressions Intensive Training Tool is designed to help you achieve the maximum skill level for detecting ...

Game summary of the Boston Bruins vs. Florida Panthers NHL game, final score 2-1, from May 14, 2024 on ESPN.Darwin, Deception, and Facial Expression. P. Ekman. Published in Annals of the New York… 1 December 2003. Psychology, Philosophy. TLDR. Darwin did not focus on deception, but he raised the very interesting question of whether it is difficult to voluntarily inhibit the emotional expressions that are most difficult to voluntary fabricate.In this chapter I consider two separate but related issues. The first is why most people are unable to accurately judge from demeanor whether someone is lying or truthful (Ekman and O'Sullivan 1991; Ekman, Frank, and O'Sullivan 1999; Frank and Ekman 1997).Most liars make mistakes that could be detected but usually are missed.Get ratings and reviews for the top 12 gutter companies in El Reno, OK. Helping you find the best gutter companies for the job. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home All Projects Fe...In P. Ekman, J. J. Campos, R. J. Davidson, & F. B. M. de Waal (Eds.), Emotions inside out: 130 years after Darwin's: The expression of the emotions in man and animals (pp. 205–221). New York Academy of Sciences. Abstract. Darwin did not focus on deception. Only a few sentences in his book mentioned the issue.

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Sep 21, 2017 · Paul Ekman nos invita a realizar un viaje fascinante a través de las emociones donde descubriremos qué revelamos con nuestras expresiones faciales y cómo interpretar las de los demás. «No se había escrito ningún libro tan exhaustivo y revelador sobre este tema desde La expresión de las emociones, de Darwin». OLIVER SACKS In this chapter I consider two separate but related issues. The first is why most people are unable to accurately judge from demeanor whether someone is lying or truthful (Ekman and O'Sullivan 1991; Ekman, Frank, and O'Sullivan 1999; Frank and Ekman 1997).Most liars make mistakes that could be detected but usually are missed.This book is comprised of 21 chapters and begins with an overview of questions about how the face provides information about emotion, with emphasis on evidence based on scientific research (largely in psychology). The reader is then introduced to conceptual ambiguities and methodological decisions related to research on the face-emotion ...: Get the latest Chengdu Xgimi Technology stock price and detailed information including news, historical charts and realtime prices. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksOther articles where Paul Ekman is discussed: lying: The psychology of lying: American psychologist Paul Ekman showed that people who are good at detecting mendacity pay careful attention to nonverbal cues. Fleeting alterations in the speaker’s facial expression (“microexpressions”) are especially revealing. Ekman also showed that subjects can be taught to recognize and interpret ...Ekman has figured out the most important behavioral clues to deceit; he has developed a one-hour self-instructional program that trains people to observe and understand “micro expressions”; and he has done research that identifies the facial expressions that show whether someone is likely to become violent—a self-instructional …

I was a little skeptical of the animated feature film “Inside Out” when I first met Joy. “Not another le I was a little skeptical of the animated feature film “Inside Out” when I f...Paul Ekman no solo es uno de los psicólogos más mediáticos (ha participado en el desarrollo de la serie Míénteme y la película Inside Out), también es uno de los pioneros en uno de los ámbitos más interesantes de la ciencia del comportamiento: el estudio del lenguaje no verbal y, más concretamente, de las microexpresiones.A renowned expert in nonverbal communication, Paul Ekman led a revolution in our scientific understanding of emotions. In Emotions Revealed, he assembles his research and theories to provide a comprehensive look at the evolutionary roots of human emotions, including anger, sadness, fear, disgust, and happiness.The editors of this . . . volume have selected 24 leading emotion theorists and asked them to address 12 fundamental questions about the subject of emotion. . . . Each chapter addresses a different one of these fundamental questions about emotion, with often divergent answers from several of the leading researchers represented here. . . . At the …FACS. The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a comprehensive, anatomically based system for describing all visually discernible facial movement. It breaks down facial expressions into individual components of muscle movement, called Action Units (AUs). Dr. Ekman Explains FACS. Watch on.MGA's charts show it could correct further in time and price....MGA During the Lightning Round segment of "Mad Money" on Tuesday, a caller asked Jim Cramer about Magna Internat... Investigated the question of whether any facial expressions of emotion are universal. Recent studies showing that members of literate cultures associated the same emotion concepts with the same facial behaviors could not demonstrate that at least some facial expressions of emotion are universal; the cultures compared had all been exposed to some of the same mass media presentations of facial ... Paul Ekman and others. View chapter. Expand 20 Emotional Experience and Expression in Schizophrenia and Depression. Howard Berenbaum and. Thomas F. Oltmanns. View chapter. Expand 21 Interaction Regulations Used by Schizophrenic and Psychosomatic Patients: Studies on Facial Behavior in Dyadic Interactions.May 8, 2020 · 8 mayo, 2020 - 12:02. Comparte. Paul Ekman ha sido un pionero en el estudio de las emociones humanas y su relación con las expresiones faciales, además de ser conocido y destacado por estar entre los 100 psicólogos más influyentes del siglo. Durante sus casi 40 años de investigación, Ekman llegó a descubrir que en nuestro repertorio ...

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P. Ekman and W. Friesen. Constants across cultures in the face and emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 17(2):124–129, 1971. Google Scholar P. Ekman and W. Friesen. Facial Action Coding System. Consulting Psychologist Press, Palo Alto, CA, 1978. Google Scholar P. Ekman and E. Rosenberg, editors.P.O. Box 122516 Sharjah. Phone: +971 6 557 5974 Fax: +971 6 557 5976 E-mail. Manager: Kashif Amin. United Kingdom. Deeside. Allan Morris Recycling Ltd. ... Ekman & Co AB Polhemsplatsen 5 P.O. Box 230 SE-401 23 Gothenburg Phone: +46 31 750 55 00 Email: info(at)ekmangroup.com. Whistleblowing Service .保罗·艾克曼 [Paul Ekman 1934.02.15],美国心理学家,出生于华盛顿。主要研究脸部表情辨识、情绪与人际欺骗。1991 年获美国心理学会颁发的杰出科学贡献奖。他在芝加哥大学和纽约大学接受本科教育,在加利福尼亚大学旧金山分校的兰利波特精神病研究所临床实习一年,1958 年获纽约市阿德菲大学博士 ...ポール・エクマン. ポール・エクマン (Paul Ekman、 1934年 - )は 感情 と 表情 に関する先駆的な研究を行った アメリカ合衆国 の心理学者。. 20世紀の傑出した心理学者100人に選ばれた。. アメリカのテレビドラマ『Lie to Me ( ライ・トゥ・ミー 嘘の瞬間 )』の ...Facial expressions are both universal and culture-specific. Dr. Ekman discovered strong evidence of universality * of some facial expressions of emotion as well as why expressions may appear differently across cultures. Through continued cross-cultural studies, * Dr. Ekman noticed that many of the apparent differences in facial expressions ...One of the world's most iconic travel brands has been bought by a timeshare company. One of the world's most iconic travel brands has been bought by a timeshare company. Wyndham De...Refresh and try again. * Note: these are all the books on Goodreads for this author. To add more books, click here . Paul Ekman has 45 books on Goodreads with 63150 ratings. Paul Ekman’s most popular book is Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and …1 day ago · Increase your emotional awareness and detect deception. Access free, peer-reviewed journal articles by Paul Ekman, the world-renowned expert on emotions and facial expressions. Explore his research on universal emotions, micro expressions, nonverbal communication and more. 6 San Francisco, CA 94132, USA. 7 Abstract. 8 This paper focuses on the legacy of Paul EkmanÕs classic work on the universality of emo-. 9 tions, describing the spirit of the man underlying the ...A Few Can Catch a Liar. P. Ekman Maureen O’Sullivan M. Frank. Psychology, Law. 1999. Research suggests that most people cannot tell from demeanor when others are lying. Such poor performance is typical not only of laypeople but also of most professionals concerned with lying. In this…. Expand. 416.

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Dr. Paul Ekman. Dr. Ekman was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by TIME Magazine and ranked fifteenth among the most influential psychologists of the 21st century. He is the world’s deception detection expert, co-discoverer of micro expressions, and the inspiration behind the hit series, Lie to Me .Basic Emotions (P. Ekman). Research Methods in Cognition and Emotion (W. Parrott & P. Hertel). COGNITIVE PROCESSES. Selective Attention and Anxiety: A Cognitive-Motivational Perspective (K. Mogg & B. Bradley). The Cognitive Science of Attention and Emotion (G. Matthews & A. Wells). Mood and Memory (H. Ellis & B. Moore).Edwards, P. (1998) Étude empirique de déterminants de la différenciation des émotions et de leur intensité [An empirical study of the determinants of the differentiation and the intensity of the emotions].The editors of this . . . volume have selected 24 leading emotion theorists and asked them to address 12 fundamental questions about the subject of emotion. . . . Each chapter addresses a different one of these fundamental questions about emotion, with often divergent answers from several of the leading researchers represented here. . . . At the end of each chapter the editors—Ekman and ...FACS. The Facial Action Coding System (FACS) is a comprehensive, anatomically based system for describing all visually discernible facial movement. It breaks down facial expressions into individual components of muscle movement, called Action Units (AUs). Dr. Ekman Explains FACS. Watch on.Other articles where Paul Ekman is discussed: lying: The psychology of lying: American psychologist Paul Ekman showed that people who are good at detecting mendacity pay careful attention to nonverbal cues. Fleeting alterations in the speaker’s facial expression (“microexpressions”) are especially revealing. Ekman also showed that subjects can be taught to recognize and interpret ...In Darwin and Facial Expression, Paul Ekman and a cast of other notable scholars and scientists reconsider the central concepts and key sources of information in Darwin's work on emotional expression. First published in 1972 to celebrate the centennial of the publication of Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Darwin …Kenneth P. Ekman [28] DOD in the 1980s, involved “aligning enduring American strengths against enduring Soviet weaknesses . . . to force the Soviets to perform less efficiently or effectively.”5 Here cost imposition is defined as a more finely tailored competitive strategy whereby program, posture, and oper -This paper presents a novel approach to recognize the six universal facial expressions from visual data and use them to derive the level of interest using psychological evidences using a two-step classification built on the top of refined optical flow computed from sequence of images. Expand. 103. Highly Influenced.This experiment exposes the benefits of conveying microexpressions in computer graphics characters, as they may visually enhance a character's emotional depth through subliminal microexpression cues, and consequently increase the perceived social complexity and believability. Expand. 9. Highly Influenced.What's the most environmentally friendly way to dispose of old mattresses? Visit HowStuffWorks.com to learn what the most environmentally friendly way to dispose of old mattresses.... ….

Blinatumomab Injection: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus Blinatumomab injection should be given only under the supervision of a doctor...Stimulated by a recent meeting between Western psychologists and the Dalai Lama on the topic of destructive emotions, we report on two issues: the achievement of enduring happiness, what Tibetan Buddhists call sukha, and the nature of afflictive and nonafflictive emotional states and traits. A Buddhist perspective on these issues is presented, along …CA 94720, or Paul Ekman, Department of Psychiatry. University of California. San Francisco, CA 94143.Search for more papers by this author. Paul Ekman, Paul Ekman. University of California, Berkeley. Search for more papers by this author. Wallace V. Friesen, Wallace V. Friesen.PAUL EKMAN (Washington D. C., 1934) es psicólogo y pionero en el estudio de las emociones y su relación con la expresión facial. Hasta el año 2004 enseñó Psicología en el Departamento de Psiquiatría de la Universidad de California y actualmente es profesor emérito de la misma. Ha recibido numerosos premios y es considerado uno de los ...P. Ekman's 28 research works with 14,047 citations and 14,035 reads, including: Handbook of Affective Sciences - Introduction: Expression of EmotionJ D Boucher, P Ekman. PMID: 1127138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1975.tb00577.x No abstract available. MeSH terms Cheek / physiology Emotions* Eyebrows / physiology Eyelids / physiology ...Citation. Ekman, P. (1970). Universal facial expressions of emotion. California Mental Health Research Digest, 8(4), 151–158. Abstract. Presents a theoretical framework reconciling the controversy between culture specific and universal elements of facial behavior. 2 experiments are described which firmly establish pan-cultural elements in …Paul Ekman (15 of February of 1934) is an American psychologist known for being the precursor of the study on the emotions and facial expressions.Summary. The confrontation between theory and clinical practice contributes to improve our knowledge of emotions. In the present paper, theoretical models both cognitive and biological are briefly reviewed in the first part. Interactions between research and clinical practice are examined across two separate approaches in the second part. P ekman, Happiness. Sadness. Fear. Disgust. Anger. Surprise. However, the list was later modified to consider shame, pride, excitement, and embarrassment as primary emotions. But it should be noted that recent research by Glasgow University {6} has found that there are four basic emotions instead of six., Ekman is a pioneer and world-renowned expert in the study of emotional research and nonverbal communication, particularly on emotional micro-expression and the corresponding physiological activity of the face (Ekman n.d. ). Paul Ekman was born on February 5, 1934, in Washington, D.C., although he never lived there, Growing up, Ekman lived in ..., Citation. Ekman, P. (1992). An argument for basic emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6 (3-4), 169–200. https:// https://doi.org/10.1080/02699939208411068. Abstract. Contends …, Of all the nonverbal behaviors--body movements, posture, gaze, proxemics, voice--the face is probably the most commanding and complicated, and perhaps the most confusing. In part, the face is commanding because it is always visible, always providing some information. There is no facial equivalent to the concealment maneuver of putting one's …, SmartyPig is a great microsavings product for anyone wanting to set up short-term savings and use social sharing to reach their goal faster. When saving for a financial goal, using..., Today's Home Owner's beekeeping guide is the place to start if you’re interested in beekeeping, harvesting honey, and getting even more pollinators in your garden. Expert Advice On..., Paul Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen, Phoebe Ellsworth Elsevier , Oct 22, 2013 - Psychology - 204 pages Emotion in the Human Face: Guidelines for Research and an Integration of Findings reviews research findings about the link between the face and emotion and provides some guidelines for study of this complicated but intriguing …, Paul Ekman, PhD. American psychologist and professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco. Verified email at paulekman.com - Homepage. emotions facial expression facial action coding system micro expressions deception. Title. Sort. Sort by citations Sort by year Sort by title. Cited by., People named Scott P Ekman Siletz. Find your friends on Facebook. Log in or sign up for Facebook to connect with friends, family and people you know. Log In. or. Sign Up. Josh Scott. See Photos. Scott Barrett. See Photos. Scott Patrick Ekman. See Photos. Ir Emman Scott Jarvis (Lë ptït fïl$) See Photos. Scott Hill., Jun 20, 2016 ... Paul Ekman dedicó gran parte de su carrera profesional al estudio de las emociones y a sus expresiones faciales y corporales., 8 mayo, 2020 - 12:02. Comparte. Paul Ekman ha sido un pionero en el estudio de las emociones humanas y su relación con las expresiones faciales, además de ser conocido y destacado por estar entre los 100 psicólogos más influyentes del siglo. Durante sus casi 40 años de investigación, Ekman llegó a descubrir que en nuestro repertorio ..., 1 day ago · The Seeds of Compassion. Dr. Ekman discusses how the seed of compassion, from parent to offspring, is a building block to global compassion. It’s a way for us to see the whole world as our children. Dr. Ekman illustrates the need for a motivation and a goal for global compassion. 14. , Abstract. Observers in both literate and preliterate cultures chose the predicted emotion for photographs of the face, although agreement was higher in the literate samples. These findings suggest that the pan-cultural element in facial displays of emotion is the association between facial muscular movements and discrete primary emotions ..., In this chapter I consider two separate but related issues. The first is why most people are unable to accurately judge from demeanor whether someone is lying or truthful (Ekman and O'Sullivan 1991; Ekman, Frank, and O'Sullivan 1999; Frank and Ekman 1997).Most liars make mistakes that could be detected but usually are missed., While plenty of tech stocks have seen their market caps dive in the past month, Groupon has taken a harder hit than most. The company’s share price has dropped more than 70% in the..., P Ekman 1 , O Jäger. Affiliation 1 Department of Medical and Physiological Chemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden. PMID: 8250216 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1993.1468 Abstract An assay for protein-bound phosphate with a capacity to determine 100 pmol of phosphate is described. It is based on the combination of two well known methods ..., ポール・エクマン. ポール・エクマン (Paul Ekman、 1934年 - )は 感情 と 表情 に関する先駆的な研究を行った アメリカ合衆国 の心理学者。. 20世紀の傑出した心理学者100人に選ばれた。. アメリカのテレビドラマ『Lie to Me ( ライ・トゥ・ミー 嘘の瞬間 )』の ... , Prostredníctvom mimických svalov je možné vytvoriť viac než tisíc výrazov. Naša tvár odráža emocionálne stavy a poskytuje komunikačnému partnerovi spätnú väzbu. Na tvári môžeme vidieť predovšetkým sedem primárnych emócií a ich protikladov tak, ako ich definovali P. Ekman, W. V. Friesen a P. Ellsworth (1982). Sú to:, Dr. Paul Ekman explains what emotions are and the seven different types of universal emotions. Learn about emotional awareness and facial expressions., Media in category "Kenneth P. Ekman" The following 12 files are in this category, out of 12 total., Paul Ekman (born February 15, 1934) is an American psychologist and professor emeritus at the University of California, San Francisco who is a pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions. He was ranked 59th out of the 100 most cited psychologists of the twentieth century. , In an excerpt taken from “ The Nature Of Emotion “, Dr. Ekman lays out five factors of mood vs. emotion. Variations in duration, provocation, modulation, facial expression, and awareness of cause support Dr. Ekman’s argument for the difference between mood and emotion. Moods can last for hours while emotions last anywhere from seconds to ..., Dr. Paul Ekman explains how facial expressions and micro expressions link us all. Learn what micro expressions are and the 7 basic emotions in as we intervie..., P. Ekman's 28 research works with 14,047 citations and 14,035 reads, including: Handbook of Affective Sciences - Introduction: Expression of Emotion, Paul Ekman (geboren am 15. Februar 1934 in Washington D.C.), der sich als Anthropologe und Psychologe versteht, erzählt die Entstehung seiner wissenschaftlichen Überzeugung gerne und oft (und auch in recht ähnlichen Formulierungen in diversen... , Recognition of emotion may be intuitive and immediate; this does not preclude the intervention of much knowledge and experience. It may consist of phenomenally immediate integrations in simple or well-known situations. Recognition of emotion often consists of conscious hypotheses and self-corrections, and it often involves explicit inferential ..., A renowned expert in nonverbal communication, Paul Ekman led a revolution in our scientific understanding of emotions. In Emotions Revealed, he assembles his research and theories to provide a comprehensive look at the evolutionary roots of human emotions, including anger, sadness, fear, disgust, and happiness. Drawing on decades …, Facial Expression and Emotion. P. Ekman. Published 1993. Psychology. Cross-cultural research on facial expression and the developments of methods to measure facial expression are briefly summarized. What has been learned about emotion from this work on the face is then elucidated. Four questions about facial expression and emotion are …, P Ekman 1 , M O'Sullivan. Affiliation 1 Human Interaction Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco 94143. PMID: 1958011 DOI: 10.1037//0003-066x.46.9.913 Abstract The ability to detect lying ..., A new pan-cultural facial expression of emotion. P. Ekman, Wallace V. Friesen. Published 1 June 1986. Psychology. Motivation and Emotion. We obtained the first evidence of a facial expression unique to contempt. Contrary to our prediction, this contempt expression was not culture-specific but was recognized by people in Estonia S.S.R., Germany ..., Happiness. Sadness. Fear. Disgust. Anger. Surprise. However, the list was later modified to consider shame, pride, excitement, and embarrassment as primary emotions. But it should be noted that recent research by Glasgow University {6} has found that there are four basic emotions instead of six., Contends that emotions evolved through their adaptive value in dealing with fundamental life tasks. Each emotion has unique features: signal, physiology, and antecedent events. Each emotion also has characteristics in common with other emotions: rapid onset, short duration, unbidden occurrence, automatic appraisal, and coherence among responses. These shared and unique characteristics are the ..., Abstract. Observers in both literate and preliterate cultures chose the predicted emotion for photographs of the face, although agreement was higher in the literate samples. These findings suggest that the pan-cultural element in facial displays of emotion is the association between facial muscular movements and discrete primary emotions ...