S30v vs s90v steel

In general, M390 steel is more premium steel than S30V steel, M390 offers better edge retention and corrosion resistance. On the other hand, S30V is much easier …

Both SPY27 and S45VN can be considered improvements to the already successful Crucible S30V and S35VN steel. SPY27 performance falls somewhere in between S30V and S35VN steel, S45VN, on the other hand, is an improvement of S35VN and thus beats Spy27 in performance in all aspects including edge retention, corrosion …Jan 30, 2022 · SUMMARY: CPM 345VN steel is a high alloy stainless steel with outstanding edge retention, increased corrosion resistance, and modest toughness. These properties make S45VN is outstanding blade steel for high-end folding knives. S45VN is a step forward from S35VN in corrosion resistance and edge retention, but lacks some of the toughness of S35VN. Aug 11, 2023 · S30V. The S30V uses similar alloy materials to the S90V. The only distinction between them is the concentration. This powerful and tough steel is rich in Chromium, Vanadium, and Molybdenum. As a result, the steel is super strong and produces premium-grade kitchen cutlery, scout knives, custom knives, and pocket knives. S90V vs S30V steel. For edge retention over time, the S90V steel knives are clear winners here. For ease of sharpening, the S30V wins. With a Rockwell hardness scale rating of 58 – 61, both steels are so …S30V will be easier to sharpen in general, but S90V will hold an edge for longer while not being that much harder to sharpen. That also depends on who you …

Both knives have their pros and cons, and it is subjective based on the individual. The s90v is kind of difficult to sharpen, but it keeps its edge longer. It isn't too bad, as it only takes an extra 5 to 10 minutes to sharpen, and is much easier if you have diamond stones. The s30v is easy to sharpen, and unless you use the crap out of it ...Aug 18, 2022 · S90V vs. S30V. Crucible manufactures both S30V and S90V. S30V has less carbon and vanadium than S90V, with the same amount of chromium but more molybdenum. The composition of S30V enables it to have better toughness and corrosion resistance than S90V. S30V steel doesn’t hold an edge as great as S90V but is considerably easier to sharpen. May 10, 2021 · LC200N and BD1N have much lower wear resistance than S30V and the CATRA test is an edge wear test. Any test showing comparable performance between S30V and LC200N is either poorly controlled (different edge geometry, sharpening is different, testing is inconsistent, etc) or the dominant edge dulling mechanism is not wear, such as edge deformation. CPM MagnaCut is produced by Crucible and hot rolled and distributed by Niagara Specialty Metals. This is the same production and distribution path used by other CPM steels like S45VN, S30V, S35VN, 20CV, S90V, etc. So the steel will eventually have full availability through steel suppliers and to knife companies.The test involves heat treating steel, finishing it to 400 grit, and then spraying it every 8 hours either with purified water or 1% saltwater. The purified water is to test if the steel is acting as a stainless. So far only two stainless steels have failed this test, XHP and ZDP-189. SPY27, S30V, and 420 all passed without corrosion after 4 days.Jan 30, 2023 · S90v has some huge changes in its chemical composition if we compare it with S110v. S90v has 2.3% Carbon which is approx 21.5% lower than the S110v which has 2.8% of Carbon. Carbon makes steel hard and also enhances its ability to bear any wear/tear. 14% Chromium is ideal in both steel types. There is a huge effect of Chromium in steel ... BD1N handles thin geometries fine when it’s hard (but the HRC thread suggests Spyderco is running it softer than it’ll go), but has less wear resistance than SPY27. It corrodes more easily than the other steels mentioned. Toughness is about the same as S35VN, which is more than S30V or 20CV. Top.It’s made from Carbon, Chromium, Molybdenum, Vanadium, and Tungsten. S30V has 1.45% Carbon while S30V has 1.05% Carbon. This means that the S30V will be harder than the VG10 because it has more carbon in its composition. VG10 has 15.5% Chromium while S30V has 14% Chromium.

Oct 3, 2023 · Difficulty to Sharpen. When it comes to sharpening difficult, the comparison between VG10 vs S30v steel is interesting. Where VG10 makes up for that low edge retention is its simplicity to sharpen back to perfect performance. Many novice knife users comment on how easy it is to bring VG10 back to great sharpness with fairly basic sharpening tools. CPM MagnaCut is produced by Crucible and hot rolled and distributed by Niagara Specialty Metals. This is the same production and distribution path used by other CPM steels like S45VN, S30V, S35VN, 20CV, S90V, etc. So the steel will eventually have full availability through steel suppliers and to knife companies.About M390 Steel. A favorite of high-end pocket knives, this stainless steel is built to hold an edge, but is a bit of a challenge to sharpen. M390 is effectively identical to CPM 20CV and CTS 204P, and of those three, is most often used on internationally manufactured knives. Made in Sweden by Bohler-Uddeholm.I would suggest the s90v because it has better edge retention. of the 3, however I don’t think you can go wrong with either. on a side note, the ergonomics of the altitude fit my hands good, and the jimping has a lot of grip; placed in critical and usable areas. weighs 2.5oz total with sheath.

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08-Jan-2021 ... CPM-S30V: The very first steel ever designed for use as a pocket knife blade, CPM-S30V was a refinement of similar steels like S90V and S60V, ...The 20CV consists of premium-grade steel. The S30V consists of higher-grade steel; this broadly affects the edge retention but makes it easier to sharpen, unlike the 20CV. Although the 20CV is the top-range product between the two, the S30V remains a more familiar and budget-friendly option. The 20CV is the best knife, but that doesn’t mean ...Hardness. S90V and S125V are capable of rather high hardness, approximately 66 Rc given an appropriate heat treatment. The two steels have relatively similar “as-quenched” hardness or with a low temper of 300°F, though S125V seems to have somewhat better tempering resistance (hardness is higher with a 400°F temper).FAQs about s30v vs s90v steel What is the primary difference between a s30v and s90v steel? The primary difference between s30v and s90v steel is that s30v is softer and easier to sharpen, while s90v is harder and more difficult to sharpen. Both steels are stainless steels known for their hardness, wear resistance, and edge retention.CPM S90V vs S30V Also from the same manufacturer, the S30V is a premium-grade steel that is very popular among knife makers. It shares a number of similarities from the S90V since both are made using the same process and the idea behind them are the same. S30V is a higher-tier knife steel compared to D2. It generally has higher corrosion resistance, toughness, ease of sharpening, and edge retention. It’s a really well-balanced steel, but it’s more expensive. D2 is cheaper, but not as good as S30V as it rusts easier and is harder to sharpen. Of course, we can go deeper than that.

Between these outliers are a lot of good steels. CPM-S35VN is the most popular steel currently used on production and semi-custom knives. M390 and Elmax are steadily building a reputation as outstanding products. VG-10, N690, CPM-154 and 154CM are finding their way into a lot of moderate priced knives, and even some budget items.The main difference between s30v vs. s90v is the edge retention and sharpening ease. That is because the s90v will stay sharp for a long time, but it is much more difficult to sharpen, as it is harder steel. …S90V, patent filed in 1995 [5], managed to improve on wear resistance, toughness, and corrosion resistance of S60V but its high wear resistance, and therefore poor grindability, means that it has never been …The S30V is softer than the M390. With a Rockwell hardness score of 59 – 61 HRC, the S30V is harder than most other steels in the market; but falls behind the M390. As a result, the S30V steel blades are easier to …M390 is better in edge retention, wear resistance and corrosion resistance, while Elmax offers better toughness. Elmax knives are easier to sharpen than M390 knives, this is due to the high wear resistance of M390 steel which makes it hard to sharpen when the need arises. Elmax even though highly wear-resistant is a bit easier to sharpen.Aug 14, 2021 · What’s more, being stainless steel, it offers good corrosion resistance. S90V is very popular in the knife making industry for making high-end knives. However, like any other premium steel, it is expensive. The high pricing is associated with the fact that this steel is very difficult to work on. It takes the knife makers sophisticated tools ... Table of Contents What is s90v steel? CPM S90V Steel composition CPM s90v steel hardness CPM s90v steel properties CPM S90V Steel Equivalent Is CPM S90V good for knives? Best CPM S90V Knives Benchmade 940-1 ( (See More Photos)) S90V VS Steel S90V VS S110V S90V VS M390 S90V VS S30V S90V VS S35VN S90V VS M4 Conclusion Reach your true potentialEverything depends on heat treat of course. But S90v is much harder to sharpen than 20cv, it’s more prone to chipping, and when it loses its fine edge, it has the tendency to become toothy. Which isn’t necessarily a bad thing, just depends on what you want. 20cv is all around the much better steel imo. 6. The S30V is softer than the M390. With a Rockwell hardness score of 59 – 61 HRC, the S30V is harder than most other steels in the market; but falls behind the M390. As a result, the S30V steel blades are easier to sharpen and offer premium quality service for a long time.

The 20CV consists of premium-grade steel. The S30V consists of higher-grade steel; this broadly affects the edge retention but makes it easier to sharpen, unlike the 20CV. Although the 20CV is the top-range product between the two, the S30V remains a more familiar and budget-friendly option. The 20CV is the best knife, but that doesn’t …

Apr 13, 2020 · S30V is a knife steel produced by Crucible, released at the end of 2001 [1]. Crucible has been a part of the knife steel industry for many decades, such as with steels like 154CM which was developed in the late 1950’s and gained popularity in knives through Bob Loveless in the early 1970s. I wrote about the history of 154CM in this article. CPM ® S90V (420V) (AISI 420 modified with high vanadium) CPM S90V is a unique tool steel made by the Crucible Particle Metallurgy process. It is a martensitic stainless steel to which vanadium and carbon have been added for exceptionally good wear resistance. CPM S90V offers substantial improvements in wear resistance over 440C and D2, and ...Before you get confused, they're both the same steel (CPM S30V is Crucible Particulate Metallurgy S30V), now let's go back to our main question, is the S30V good steel for our knives, before answering this question, we're going to go through all details concerning the S30V steel. (If you need to know the answer now, Yes it's a good knife steel !)S90V, patent filed in 1995 [5], managed to improve on wear resistance, toughness, and corrosion resistance of S60V but its high wear resistance, and therefore poor grindability, means that it has never been a mainstream knife steel.Nitro V has a Rockwell hardness rating of 59-60, while S30V has a rating of 58-60. This means that both steels are extremely hard, but Nitro V has a slightly higher rating, making it the harder of the two. Edge retention is another important factor to consider for knife blades.Difficulty to Sharpen. When it comes to sharpening difficult, the comparison between VG10 vs S30v steel is interesting. Where VG10 makes up for that low edge retention is its simplicity to sharpen back to perfect performance. Many novice knife users comment on how easy it is to bring VG10 back to great sharpness with fairly basic …08-Jan-2021 ... CPM-S30V: The very first steel ever designed for use as a pocket knife blade, CPM-S30V was a refinement of similar steels like S90V and S60V, ...July 5, 2023 S30V is significant to the knife world. It spurred the widespread use of CPM (Crucible Particle Metallurgy) steels in bladesmithing. These powdered steels were developed in 1970, and they're superior to steels formed from poured ingots. S30V Steel: Brief HistoryK390, Vanadis 8, and CPM-10V are all in the upper echelons for wear resistance and slicing edge retention. The only non-stainless steels with higher edge retention either have higher vanadium (CPM-15V) or are ~70 Rc PM high speed steels (Z-Max, Maxamet, Rex 121). When comparing K390 to Vanadis 8 and CPM-10V it is …

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First, S90V is made with a vanadium-based alloy while M390 contains a higher concentration of chromium. This gives S90V better edge retention than M390. However, M390 is easier to sharpen than S90V and has better corrosion resistance. In terms of hardness, both steels fall in the high range on the Rockwell scale.The difference between iron and steel is that iron is an element, and steel is an alloy of iron, small amounts of carbon and another material, usually another element like chromium. Iron is alloyed with other elements to make it stronger an...The best angle to sharpen a knife depends on how you intend to use the knife, the thickness of the blade, the steel used to make the blade, the sharpening tools used, and your preference. Knives have no standard sharpening angle, but most kitchen knives are sharpened at a 15-20 degrees angle. This article will discuss factors that …Made by @CRUCIBLE, the S90V Steel is a High-End (Or Premium) martensitic stainless steel to which vanadium and carbon have been added for exceptionally good wear …S30V vs S90V. I am new to knives and am looking at the benchmade hidden canyon hunter. Benchmade has 2 versions with different steel qualities. The S90V is about $60 more expensive. I was wondering if the difference in steel quality and edge retention is worth the added cost. Can any of you guys help me out? Depends on your use case.S30V was the upgrade to 154 CM steel, and VG-10 is usually about as good or better than 154 CM. ... The only super steels that I really would like to test out are S90V/CTS 20CP and CPM M4. So far, none of these steels have been offered on a design that's right for me. I'm hoping I can snag a Para 2 in the CTS variant but I won't be …When it comes to edge retention, S90v steel is far better than S30v steel as it can stay sharp for an incredible amount of time. However, S30v steel is much easier to sharpen, …S90v Vs 20cv: Both the S90V and the 20CV are considered super steels and their main difference lies in their material composition. Know more with us! ... The steel even performs better than other top-quality steels like D2 and S30V. Whether you use your S90V steel knife for light or heavy-duty work, the steel won’t disappoint you. ... ….

Coarse and polished edge results both! No data on S90V, unfortunately. The somewhat-similar S110V looks hair lower in toughness than 20CV at ~62.5 HRC. I wouldn't claim anything conclusive about S90V without actual data, but the S110V data does suggest that toughness-wise, it should be in the ballpark of 20CV.Jul 13, 2023 · In a head-to-head comparison between 154CM and S30V knife steels, both options offer advantages and disadvantages depending on the user’s needs. S30V boasts superior hardness, edge retention, and corrosion resistance, making it a harder steel that delivers more bang for the buck. However, 154CM wins in terms of toughness (fracture resistance ... Coarse and polished edge results both! No data on S90V, unfortunately. The somewhat-similar S110V looks hair lower in toughness than 20CV at ~62.5 HRC. I wouldn't claim anything conclusive about S90V without actual data, but the S110V data does suggest that toughness-wise, it should be in the ballpark of 20CV.CRUCIBLE CPM® S30V® Issue #1 Carbon 1.45% Chromium 14.00% Vanadium 4.00% Molybdenum 2.00% CPM S30V D2 440C 154 CM CPM CPM CPM CPM 3V S90V 9V 10V CPM Steel Conventional Steel Elastic Modulus 32 X 106 psi (221 GPa) Density 0.27 lbs./in3 (7.47 g/cm3) Thermal ConductivityS30V is a powder forged while 8Cr13MoV is not. S30V contains more Molybdenum and Vanadium. Molybdenum increases hardenability, machinability, and strength. Vanadium forms very hard carbide, and it is also carbide grain growth restrictor. Yes, Carbide grain size,structure and how uniformity of an alloy makes the difference within given hardness.20cv is an equivalent of m390 if I'm not mistaken and will have better edge retention and corrosion resistance. Sharpening should still be able to be done with a sharpmaker but obviously reprofiling or removing major damage will be very difficult without pretty abrasive rods but the same can be said for s30v and s35vn. 20cv is an improvement in my opinion.0.03%. CPM S90V Knife Steel has remarkable wear-resistance and corrosion-resistance qualities! One aspect of knives using Crucible CPM S90V is the cost. This alloy is very hard on grinding belts and the machines that use them, transferring that cost to the end product. That being said, the almost cult-like following of those collectors wanting ...Feb 23, 2012 · Re: S90V VS M390 Fight! Postby nirvanero » Sat Jan 30, 2016 1:08 am. M390 is usually cheaper, easier to sharpen and has more corrosion resistance than S90V. If your going for very high wear resistance then S110V is king in the (near future of) production knives, keeping S90V into the sprint run and custom market. S90V steel doesn’t rust easily. It offers great corrosion resistance and there’s a reason for that. Firstly, this steel contains 14% Chromium, which is more than the volume needed to make it stainless. Secondly, the more vanadium carbides in its alloy free up the chromium carbides to offer corrosion resistance.CPM s90v Wear Resistance: Excellent Wear Resistance, with 9% of Vanadium, the steel is very hard and durable. CPM s90v Sharpness: the better steel can hold an edge, the harder to sharpen it, the s90v is very hard steel, so sharpening or grinding won’t be an easy task. CPM s90v Machinability: Due to its high vanadium carbide content, the ... S30v vs s90v steel, BD1N handles thin geometries fine when it’s hard (but the HRC thread suggests Spyderco is running it softer than it’ll go), but has less wear resistance than SPY27. It corrodes more easily than the other steels mentioned. Toughness is about the same as S35VN, which is more than S30V or 20CV. Top., 20CV steel vs m390. Both 20CV steel and Bohler m390 steel are super steels produced following the powder metallurgy, and most of their properties are similar. They offer the same level of edge retention, toughness, corrosion resistance, and ease of sharpening. CPM 20CV vs S90V. S90V steel is another super steel produced by …, I contacted Crucible Steel, who makes a lot of the common knife steels, like S30V, S35VN, S45VN, S90V, 10V, CPM Cru-Wear, etc., and Niagara, who hot rolls and distributes Crucible's knife steels, and told them about my idea. ... The main difference between CPM MagnaCut steel and other stainless steels is the amount of chromium., Corrosion Resistance. S110V: 8/10. S30V: 8/10. Winner: Tie. As you can see from the above data, S30v offers better toughness than s110v which makes it perfect for environments where toughness matters the most such as hiking and camping. Overall, both knives are great and offer nearly the same properties., CPM S30V comes with 1.45% carbon with is 0.05 percentage higher than the S35VN, this little chemical change creates a big difference in terms of the toughness of the steel. 4% Vanadium is helpful to enhance the wear resistivity and hardening of that steel, and the amount of Vanadium is 1% less in S35VN. S30V has 14% chromium content, …, Feb 23, 2012 · Re: S90V VS M390 Fight! Postby nirvanero » Sat Jan 30, 2016 1:08 am. M390 is usually cheaper, easier to sharpen and has more corrosion resistance than S90V. If your going for very high wear resistance then S110V is king in the (near future of) production knives, keeping S90V into the sprint run and custom market. , The closest steel to our K390 would be the S90V Stainless Steel, in exception for corrosion resistance (S90V offers a better corrosion resistance compared to the K390), they both offer great edge retention and hardness due to 9% of Vanadium in both steel, Same for the wear resistance, and they both fall in the same price range of high-end steel. , Maxamet holds an edge longer, while CPM-S90V has better corrosion resistance and is slightly tougher. If you need a knife that stays sharp for a long period of time, Maxamet is the steel to choose. If you need something similar but with more corrosion resistance, then choose CPM-S90V. With the short answer out of the way, let’s take a deeper ..., I own s30v, m4, and s90v. My dedicated skinning knife is in s90v due to edge retention. My overall outdoors/hunting knife is s30v because its less rigid than s90v but still holds its edge well (I accidentally snapped the edge of s90v last year because of its extra strength/hardness)., S30V will be easier to sharpen in general, but S90V will hold an edge for longer while not being that much harder to sharpen. That also depends on who you …, Apr 13, 2020 · S30V is a knife steel produced by Crucible, released at the end of 2001 [1]. Crucible has been a part of the knife steel industry for many decades, such as with steels like 154CM which was developed in the late 1950’s and gained popularity in knives through Bob Loveless in the early 1970s. I wrote about the history of 154CM in this article. , 07-Nov-2017 ... Price is a factor ... Another thing to consider is the price. While S90V is better than S30V, the price jump between something like the Benchmade ..., Glad you asked. I like high edge retention. S90V, S110V, MAXAMET, ZDP-189, K390. And if I were looking for a knife with high edge retention I'd pick one of those over Magnacut, not S30V. Now S30V vs S35VN vs S45VN I'd take S30V because the advantages of the others aren't compelling enough, and I'd rather have the edge retention., Jan 30, 2022 · SUMMARY: CPM 345VN steel is a high alloy stainless steel with outstanding edge retention, increased corrosion resistance, and modest toughness. These properties make S45VN is outstanding blade steel for high-end folding knives. S45VN is a step forward from S35VN in corrosion resistance and edge retention, but lacks some of the toughness of S35VN. , This is also a powder-metal steel produced by American steel company Crucible. Like S90V, it's a high-hardness steel, but it's more balanced than S90V. Spyderco ..., The M4 steel has better hardness, toughness, wear resistance, and edge resistance than the S30V. But the S30V offers superior corrosion resistance and is also cheaper. However, both of them have a good amount of carbon, which makes them excellent choices for knives. The short answer pretty much gives you an idea about …, The ease of sharpness in steel goes hand in hand with hardness. SPY27 is hard steel but not extremely hard; therefore, sharpening is not a big challenge. However, it is not on the list of easy to sharpen steels. It has its challenges and especially if you are not seasoned in sharpening. SPY27 vs other steels Spy27 vs S30V vs S35VN, S30V vs M390 – Complete Comparison Hardness. The hardness of a steel directly impacts its wear resistance and edge retention. S30V has a Rockwell hardness …, Maxamet holds an edge longer, while CPM-S90V has better corrosion resistance and is slightly tougher. If you need a knife that stays sharp for a long period of time, Maxamet is the steel to choose. If you need something similar but with more corrosion resistance, then choose CPM-S90V. With the short answer out of the way, let’s take a deeper ..., Niobium (Columbium) This comparison conveys that Maxamet goes for extreme edge retention while sacrificing properties in other areas; while the S110V steel aims for consistency in all areas. The S110V is often cited as the most similar steel type with the Micro-Meld Maxamet steel. 6.00% Vanadium. Edge Retention. 10/10., What's more, being stainless steel, it offers good corrosion resistance. S90V is very popular in the knife making industry for making high-end knives. However, like any other premium steel, it is expensive. The high pricing is associated with the fact that this steel is very difficult to work on., Nov 1, 2019 · Edge Retention. The S45VN datasheet provides a number for CATRA edge retention relative to 440C, which it lists as 143%. This is in comparison with 440C which is 100%, S30V at 145%, and M390/20CV at 180%. However, the datasheet has an asterisk next to the 143% value and says that it is “based upon market feedback.”. , Sep 28, 2020 · Hardness. S90V and S125V are capable of rather high hardness, approximately 66 Rc given an appropriate heat treatment. The two steels have relatively similar “as-quenched” hardness or with a low temper of 300°F, though S125V seems to have somewhat better tempering resistance (hardness is higher with a 400°F temper). , Both Nitro V and S30V are extremely hard steels, but S30V is generally regarded as the harder of the two. It is rated at a Rockwell hardness of 59 to 61, while …, Conclusions and Summary. CPM SPY27 is a steel produced by Crucible exclusively for Spyderco. The steel looks somewhat similar to S35VN but with increased Nb and N, decreased C and V, and a 1.5% cobalt addition. The resulting steel is expected to have similar hardness and corrosion resistance to S30V and S35VN., S45VN steel is an ideal choice for EDC knives, due to its improvement in corrosion resistance while S35VN is an Ideal choice for knives that require a bit of toughness as it offers overall better toughness than both S30V steel and S35VN steel. Price. When it comes to the pricing of S35VN and S45VN knives, various factors play into consideration., It is hard to argue that S30V is a better steel than 20CV when you consider that 20CV matches or out does S30V in every relevant attribute. It has equal toughness and ease of sharpening, slightly better corrosion resistance, and significantly better edge retention. But it is more expensive. If you need something affordable, you can do a lot ..., Between these outliers are a lot of good steels. CPM-S35VN is the most popular steel currently used on production and semi-custom knives. M390 and Elmax are steadily building a reputation as outstanding products. VG-10, N690, CPM-154 and 154CM are finding their way into a lot of moderate priced knives, and even some budget items., S90v in the Spyderco Fred Perrin PPT is also a great performer and surprising favorite. You might enjoy a K2 in 10v. Super slicy and CPM 10v is in the K390 ballpark. NCJohn62 Spyderco • 3 yr. ago. S90v, it's pretty much a perfect blend of all the attributes you want in a knife blade when the heat treat is done right., The difference between 18/8 and 18/10 stainless steel is in name only, as the two steel alloys are actually completely identical. The numbers in 18/8 steel specify the amount of chromium and nickel used in making the steel. 18/8 steel conta..., Mar 19, 2010 · It is a good all-around steel that will serve you well IMHO. The main thing is to find a knife with ergonomics that you like, at a price point that you like. The difference between S30V and S90V for most people is like agonizing over a Noveske barrel vs. a LMT barrel when you are shooting Guatemalan M193 through it. , CPM S30V is a martensitic (hardened) powder-made (sintered) wear and corrosion-resistant stainless steel developed by Dick Barber of Crucible Industries in collaboration with knifemaker Chris Reeve. Its chemistry promotes the formation and even distribution of vanadium carbides, which are harder and more resistant to abrasion than chromium …, Crossed-Cylinder Wear Test However, the existing PM stainless steels like S60V, M390, Elmax, and even MPL-1 had very low values in the crossed-cylinder test when compared with 10V. The reason was that the high chromium in the steels would lead to the formation of chromium carbide rather than the high hardness vanadium carbide.